And Or logic gates

Last time we learned about true and false
and how they worked in computers like On and Off switches
turning thousands of light bulbs on and off.


(from: wikipedia - incandescent light bulb)

Now think about what would happen if you had two light switches
called switch A and switch B,
and they were hooked up to the same light bulb.


(from: wikipedia - light switch)

Would you have to have both switches set to ON for it to turn on?
Or is just one good enough?

In computers and electronics, we call that using AND and OR.
So if you need both light switches ON to turn on one light bulb,
that means you need A AND B on.

If the light will turn ON with either switch,
that means A OR B.

When people draw out the AND and OR in pictures,
they sometimes call them logic gates. There are different pictures for an AND gate and an OR gate.

The AND gate sort of looks like a big letter D.

(from: wikipedia - and gate)

The OR gate sort of looks like a spaceship!

(from: wikipedia - OR)

Using those logic gates like switches to turn on and off light bulbs,
you can draw up big pictures that can be used as instructions for building a computer!

(from: wikipedia - logic diagram)

Komodo Dragon

We just learned about the Camel Humps.

The dragons you read about in stories aren't real,
but there is a real animal called the Komodo Dragon.

(from: wikipedia - komodo dragon)

It's the largest kind of lizard in the world,
and can grow to be up to 10 feet long!

That means if they stood on their tail
their nose could touch the rim of a basketball hoop!

Femur

The hip bone or pelvis connects to the thigh bone of your leg,
which is called the femur.

The femur is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the human body.

(from: wikipedia - femur)

Arctic ocean

We've learned about four other oceans so far,
in order of largest to smallest they are:
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Southern oceans.

The last one is the Arctic ocean

It's the ocean at the very top of the earth, where the North Pole is.

(from: wikipedia - arctic ocean)

Apostle's Creed - Part 7

We just learned about the Apostle's Creed Part 6.

Apostle's Creed

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.
He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead.
He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.

Here's part 7:

From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead.


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

ISS - International Space Station

We just learned about the Apollo 11 Moon Landing.

Right now up in outer space, there is a space station where astronauts can go and stay for days, weeks, even months!

(from: wikipedia - International Space Station)

It's called the International Space Station, or ISS for short.

Both Russia and the USA worked together to build the space station.

French - Green, blue, purple, pink

Last time we learned red orange and yellow,
in French is rouge orange and jaune.

Let's learn more colors!

Green - vert - sounds like vay-uh /?/
Blue - bleu - sounds like blue /?/
Purple - violet - sounds like vee-oh-lay /?/
Pink - rose - sounds like oo-ohs /?/

Boolean True False

We just learned about the colors in ROY G BIV.

You probably already know this, but True is a way of saying Yes.
and False is the opposite and means No.

A fancy word for True and False is Boolean
named after the famous mathemetician George Boole.

In computers and electronics, it's kind of like you're looking at a light bulb.
If the light bulb is ON, you can call that True or Yes or even the number 1.
Is the light bulb is OFF, you can call it False or No or the number 0.

(from: wikipedia - light bulb)

Inside computers the electricity that runs the computer has thousands
or even millions of little ones and zeroes, meaning True and False.

These little light bulbs are what make the pictures on your computer screen
and the light switches come from things like your keyboard and mouse.

You can imagine a room just filled with light bulbs and light switches,
and that's exactly what some of the oldest computers (like the ENIAC) looked like!

(from: wikipedia - eniac)

Camel humps

We just learned about Rhino Teeth and Horns.

There are two kinds of camels in the world, the kind with one hump and the kind with two humps.

One hump camels are called dromedary camels.

(from: wikipedia - camel)

Two hump camels are called bactrian camels.


In the old days, people thought camels just stored big bags of water inside their humps.
In a way that's right, because they're actually big piles of fat.

When the camels exercise or do something to burn that fat,
their body turns the fat into energy and water that helps keep the camel from drying up in the hot weather.

Pelvis, hip bone

We just learned about the Coccyx Bone.

At the base of the spine, the sacrum is connected to the pelvis, or hip bone.

The pelvic bone is made up of three parts, the ilium, ischium and pubis.

(from: wikipedia - hip bone)

The ilium is the hip bone part you can feel on your side.
The ischium is the bone that you sit on, right on either side of your bottom.
The pubis is right in the middle below your tailbone.

Southern ocean

Ok so in order of size so far we've learned about the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Next up is the Southern ocean

It's the ocean at the very bottom of the earth, right around Antarctica.

(from: wikipedia - southern ocean)

Apostle's Creed - Part 6

We just learned Part 5 of the Apostle's Creed.

Let's keep learning it!

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.
He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead.

Here's part 6:

He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

After Jesus came back to life and appeared to the apostles, he went up into heaven to be with God the Father.

Apollo 11 Moon Landing

We just learned about the Ranger - 4 Spacecraft.

First we launched satellites into outer space.
Then we sent people up to orbit the earth.
Next we sent a spacecraft with no people to land on the moon.

So who was the first to put a person on the moon?
The Apollo 11 mission by the United States was the first manned spacecraft to land on the moon,
on July 20th 1969.


(from: wikipedia - apollo 11)

The two astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first astronauts to ever set foot on the moon.


When Neil Armstrong first put his foot on the moon he said the famous words:
That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.

Wow!

Isn't it just amazing to look up into space at the moon and know that someone actually walked on it?

French - Red, orange, yellow

We learned our French alphabet, now let's learn some colors!

Red - rouge - sounds like woozhe /?/

Orange - orange - sounds like oo-ahnj /?/

Yellow - jaune - sounds like zhoin /?/

ROY G BIV

Remember we learned before about measuring waves using wavelength.

(from: wikipedia sine)


And we learned that how often something happens in a given amount of time is called a frequency.

(from: wikipedia - frequency)

Well did you know that the colors of the rainbow are all different because of their wavelength and frequency?

For example, the color red has a very long wavelength, and a very low frequency.
But the color violet has a very short wavelength, and a very high frequency.

That's why the colors of the rainbow are in the order they are,
and why we put them in the order of ROY G BIV.

Red is the longest wavelength and lowest frequency.
Violet is the shortest wavelength and highest frequency.
Green is right in the middle.

Sometimes it's easier to understand by looking,
so here's a good picture that helps show how the different colors have different wavelengths and frequencies:

Rhino teeth and horns

We just learned a little about Otter Noses and Ears.

Even though rhinos have huge horns and big feet, it's interesting to know that they don't have any front teeth!

(from: wikipedia - rhinocerous)

Rhinos only eat plants, and they use their large back teeth to grind up the plants they eat.

Their horns aren't made up of bone like you might think, they're made of keratin,
the same type of thing our hair and fingernails are made of.
So their horn is like one huge really tough fingernail!

A group of rhinos is called a crash which makes sense!
They can also be called a herd.

Coccyx

Last we learned about the sacrum which connects to the lumbar vertebrae.

Below the sacrum, and the last part of the spine
is the coccyx (sounds like cock-six)
Sometimes it's also called the tail bone.

It is made up of three to five bones that curve forward toward the front of your body.



(from: wikipedia - coccyx)

Indian ocean

The two big oceans we learned about already were the Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean.

Another ocean that's located in between Africa, India and Australia
is called the Indian Ocean.

(from: wikipedia - indian ocean)

It's the third largest ocean.

Apostle's Creed - part 5

We just learned up through Part 4 of the Apostle's Creed.

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.

Here's part 5:

He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead.


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

After Jesus died on the cross, he went to hell because of the sins he carried on his shoulders for us.
But because he was God's son, he defeated death and hell and came back to life.

Ranger 4 - First American spacecraft on the moon

We've learned that the first spacecraft to land on the moon was the Luna 2, by the Russians.

The first American spacecraft to land on the moon was the Ranger 4 on April 23, 1962.

(from: wikipedia - ranger 4)

French Alphabet - V W X Y Z

We already learned French A B C D E F G, H I J K L M N, and O P Q R S T U
now let's learn the last letters:

V - Sounds like vay
W - Sounds like doo bluh vay
X - Sounds like eeks
Y - Sounds like ee guh dake
Z - Sounds like zed

So all together, let's say it!
You can try singing it to the alphabet song.

ah, bay, say, day, uh, eff, zhay
ah-sh, ee, zhee, kah
el, em, en, oh, pay
coo, ay-uh, ess
tay, oo, vay
doo bluh vay, eeks, ee guh dake, zed

Now you know your French ABCs!

To hear the letters, visit FrenchSpanish Online's alphabet page

Frequency

We just learned about Waves and Wavelength.

Frequency means the number of times that something happens during a certain length of time.

So for example, if you clap your hands 3 times,
then 3 is the number of times

If you count out 10 seconds,
that is the length of time.

If you clap your hands 3 times while you count out 10 seconds,
then 3 over 10 is the frequency.

You can write it like 3/10.

If you clap your hands 7 times in that 10 seconds, that's 7/10, which is a higher frequency
If you clap your hands just 1 time in that 10 seconds, that's 1/10, which is a lower frequency

We can use frequency to measure lots of things from music to heart beats to airplanes!

(from: wikipedia - frequency)

Sometimes we also use the word occurrences instead of saying number of times.

Otter noses and ears

We just learned a little about Snails.

River otters love to swim when they're hunting for food or just playing.
They can stay underwater for 4 minutes!

When they're underwater, they have special skin flaps in their ears and noses
that shut tight to keep the water out.

That would be pretty nice to keep water out of your nose, wouldn't it?

(from: wikipedia - north american river otter)

Sacrum

We just learned about the Distal Phalanges.

We've learned before about most of the bones in your spine,
the cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae.

There are two more parts on your spine at the very bottom.
The first one is called the sacrum, a somewhat large triangle shaped bone right in the middle of your hips.

sacrum by itself:

(from: wikipedia - sacrum)

sacrum shown where it is in between the hip bones:


We'll learn about the other part next Tuesday!

Pacific ocean

We learned about one of the really big oceans called the Atlantic ocean
But the biggest one on planet earth is called the Pacific ocean

(from: wikipedia - pacific ocean)

It's between North America and Asia,
and between South America and Australia.

The Pacific ocean is so big that it covers more of the earth than all of the continents combined!

Apostle's Creed - part 4

We already learned the Apostle's Creed part 1, part 2, part 3:

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,

Now here's part 4:

suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.



(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

Pontius Pilate was like a governor or a mayor in Rome, and had power to make decisions for trials like a judge.
When Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate, he allowed him to be crucified.

Luna 2 - First spacecraft on the moon

We've learned about the first satellite in outer space sputnik and the first American satellite Explorer 1.

Then we learned about the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin from Russia.
Followed by the Americans Alan Shepard and John Glenn.

The next big target in the space race was to get to the moon!

The first spacecraft to land on the moon was the Russian's Luna 2, on September 14, 1959.

(from: wikipedia - luna 2)

French Alphabet - O P Q R S T U

We already learned French A B C D E F G, and H I J K L M N
now let's learn the next letters:

O - Sounds like oh
P - Sounds like pay
Q - Sounds like coo
R - Sounds like ay-uh
S - Sounds like ess
T - Sounds like tay
U - Sounds like oo (like in pool)

To hear the letters, visit FrenchSpanish Online's alphabet page

Waves and wavelength

We just learned about the Light Year.

If you are standing in the water in the ocean or a big lake,
you can watch a wave going by you, something like this:

(from: wikipedia - wave)

If you stood in one place and watched a lot of waves going by, it might look something like this:


And if you took a picture of a wave while it was standing still it might look like this:

(from: wikipedia sine)

If you measured the distance from the start of the up wave, to the end of the down wave that is called the wavelength.

Snail eye stalks, feet and shells

We just learned about the Spectacled Cobra.

When you look at a snail's head, those two things sticking out are the snail's eye stalks
and their eyes are located right on the end of them.

(from: wikipedia - land snails)

The slimy bottom of a land snail that moves along the ground is called the snail's foot,
but it doesn't look or act much like our feet do!


Snail shells are always a part of the body, and the shell grows with the size of the snail.

Distal phalanges

The finger tip bones in your fingers are called the distal phalanges.

There are only four of them in your hand, because your thumb has one less bone than the rest of your fingers.

(from: wikipedia - distal phalanges)

Atlantic Ocean

We've already learned about the big pieces of land called continents,
such as Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America.

But what about all that water in between?
Those are all the oceans of the world!

The ocean that's between North America and Europe,
and in between South America and Africa
is called the Atlantic Ocean.

It's the second biggest ocean in the world.

(from: wikipedia - atlantic ocean)

Apostle's Creed - part 3

We already learned the Apostle's Creed part 1 and part 2:

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord

Now here's part 3:

who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

First Americans in space - Alan Shepard, John Glenn

We just learned about the First Human in Space - Yuri Gagarin.

The first American to go into outer space was Alan Shepard.

(from: wikipedia - alan shepard)

He flew in a spacecraft called the Freedom 7, on May 5, 1961.


Alan Shepard made it into outer space, but did not orbit the earth like a satellite.

The first American to orbit the earth was John Glenn.
He orbited the earth three times.


His spacecraft was called the Friendship 7

(from: wikipedia john glenn)

French Alphabet - H I J K L M N

We already learned French A B C D E F G, now let's do H I J K L M N

H - Sounds like ah-sh
I - Sounds like ee
J - Sounds like zhee
K - Sounds like kah
L - Sounds like el
M - Sounds like em
N - Sounds like en

To hear the letters, visit FrenchSpanish Online's alphabet page

Light Year

We know that a Cheetah can run 75 miles per hour.

And the Speed of Sound is 760 miles per hour.
Only super fast jet planes can go faster than that.

And even faster is the Speed of Light, 670 million miles per hour!
That's 670,000,000 miles per hour, way faster than a cheetah or even the fastest jet plane ever made.

If you could travel as fast as the Speed of Light and you went that fast for a whole year (365 days)
then the distance you traveled is called a Light Year.

A light year is a very very long distance.

To get some idea of how far it is, if a cheetah ran as fast as it could for a whole year,
it could go all the way to the moon and back.

If a jet plane went as fast as the speed of sound for a whole year,
it could make it to the moon and back 11 times,
but still couldn't reach the planet Mars or our Sun.

But if you went the speed of light for a whole year,
you could go around the earth 277 million times.
That's 277,000,000, look at all those zeroes!

You could go to the planet Mars and back 98,000 times,
to the sun and back 35,000 times.

The farthest planet in our solar system is Neptune,
and you could even go to Neptune and back 1,000 times.

So the speed of light is super fast, and traveling that fast for a year is a super crazy big long distance!


(from: wikipedia - light-year)

Spectacled Cobra

We just learned a little about Beaver Tails.

The Indian Cobra is also known as the Spectacled Cobra
can you guess why by looking at the picture?

(from: wikipedia - indian cobra)

If you look at the markings on the back of the cobra,
it kind of looks like someone is wearing glasses,
and glasses are also sometimes called spectacles.

The Indian Cobra's head isn't always spread out like that,
they have something called a hood which fans out when they feel threatened.

Normal:


Threatened:


So if you see a snake standing up like that with it's hood out,
you know the snake feels threatened by you!

Intermediate phalanges

The finger bones in the middle of your finger are called the intermediate phalanges.

They are connected to the proximal phalanges,
but there are only four intermediate phalanges, because the thumb does not have a middle thumb bone.

(from: wikipedia - intermediate phalanges)

Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world.

(from: wikipedia - asia)

It is East of Europe, and West of North America if you go across the Pacific Ocean.

Some of the countries in Asia are Russia, China, India, Japan, Israel and Saudi Arabia.