Frog breathing

We just learned that the red thing on a rooster's head is called the Comb

Let's learn more fun stuff!

How can frogs stay so long underwater?
Because they can breathe air right through their skin!

When they are in the water, the oxygen they need to breathe
can go right into their body through their skin.

Their skin is permeable which means it allows things like water to get through it.

(from: wikipedia - frog)

When they are above water, they don't have very strong lungs to breathe with,
so they do something called buccal pumping. Buccal means cheeks or mouth.

This means they use their mouth to suck air in and out of their lungs.
If you watch underneath a frog's mouth, you can usually see their throat area puffing out and sucking in.
That's them breathing using buccal pumping!


(from: wikipedia - buccal pumping)

Deltoids

Let's keep learning about the muscles in the human body!

Last time we learned about the triceps

Next up is the deltoid.

The deltoid is the muscle on the corner of your shoulder, right above where your arm is.

(from: wikipedia - deltoid muscle)

You are using your deltoid when you move your arm around at the shoulder.

Norway

Let's keep learning about the countries in Europe!

Last time we learned about Greece.

Next up is Norway.

Norway is part of what is called the Scandinavian countries,
along with Denmark and Sweden
It makes up part of the Scandinavian Peninsula.


(from: wikipedia - norway)

Vikings played a very strong part in Norwegian history,
sailing their large ships in the seas and attacking the villages.


The icy northern coast of Norway has over 50,000 small islands!



Norway also has fjords, (sounds like fee-or-ds)
which are long thin areas of water with high cliffs on either side.

(from: wikipedia - fjord)

Isaiah

We just learned about the Bible Books of Poetry

Isaiah was a prophet who lived 700 years before the birth of Jesus.

A prophet is someone who speaks to God and then tells other people what God said.

Isaiah told God's people that they were in trouble for not listening to him,
and that they were going to be taken over by some other people that would not treat them nicely.

He also talked about a savior that would come one day to save everyone,
and this was 700 years before Jesus was born!


(from: wikipedia - isaiah)

Canopus

We've learned about the stars Alpha Centauri, Sirius and Betelguese.

The second brightest star in the sky is called Canopus

It can be seen in the Southern part of the night sky.

(from: wikipedia - canopus)

French - Counting to Fifteen

We counted to 10 in French, now let's learn some bigger numbers!
11 onze - sounds like owns /?/
12 douze - sounds like dooze /?/
13 treize - sounds like tuh-ayz /?/
14 quatorze - sounds like kay-toh-z /?/
15 quinze - sounds like kay-uh-nz /?/

Electrical Conductivity

We just learned about what Capacitors are!

Let's learn about Electrical conductivity.

Electrical conductivity sounds like a couple of big words,
but really it's not all that hard to understand.

We know about electricity from things like lightning, batteries or plugs.

Conductivity just means how easy or hard it is for electricity to go through something.

Things like metals are very conductive, but things like rubber or plastic are not very conductive.
This is why plugs and wires for your electronics are all made out of metal,
and the metal wires are usually wrapped in rubber because then the electricity can't get out!


(from: wikipedia - electrical wiring)

Things like rubber that are not very conductive, can also be called resistive.

Rooster Comb

We just learned about the mouth of a mosquito called a Proboscis

Let's learn about more weird things!

The bright red skin you see on top of a rooster's head is called a comb.


(from: wikipedia - chicken)

Triceps

Let's keep learning about the muscles in the human body!

Last time we learned about the biceps

Next up is the triceps.

The tricep is the muscle on the back side of your upper arm between the shoulder and elbow,
right along your humerus bone, and on the opposite side of the bicep.

You are using your tricep when you push your arms out from your body.

(from: wikipedia - triceps)

Greece

Let's keep learning about the countries in Europe!

Last time we learned about Poland.

Next up is Greece.

Greece is home to some great foods like moussaka, pastitsio and a cheese called saganaki that they light on fire and say OPAH!

(from: wikipedia - greece)

Many famous big thinkers called philosophers were from Greece, one was named Socrates


There are many famous buildings in Greece, like the Parthenon


And Greece is where the Olympic Games were first invented.

Books of Poetry

The bible has lots of poetry in it, and a lot of it was written
by the kings we learned about, David and Solomon

Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs are all
books full of poetry and songs written in praise of God.

(from: wikipedia - psalms)

Betelgeuse

We've learned about the stars Alpha Centauri and Sirius.

Another star that has a funny name is Betelgeuse, pronounced like beetle-juice.
It is the ninth brightest star in the night sky,
and part of the constellation of Orion.

(from: wikipedia - betelgeuse)

French - November, December

Let's keep learning the months of the year in French!

We already learned that January is Janvier, February is Février, March is Mars, April is Avril,
May is Mai, June is Juin, July is Juillet, August is Août, September is Septembre and October is Octobre. .

Last is November and December.

November - Novembre - sounds like no-vom-buh-ah /?/
December, - Décembre - sounds like day-som-buh-ah /?/

Capacitors

We've now learned about how circuit boards have small things called resistors on them.

Another thing you may find on a circuit board is a capacitor.
It's kind of like a bucket that fills up with electricity, then dumps it out, over and over.


(from: wikipedia - capacitor)

You have to be very careful with capacitors on circuit boards!

Even if you are looking at one that's not plugged in,
the capacitor can still be filled up with electricity and it could zap you!

Mosquito proboscis

We just learned about Dragonflies and Damselflies.

We all hate those nasty mosquito bites, but why don't we notice when they bite us?

The part of the mosquito that looks like a big long nose is called it's proboscis.
That's really part of the mosquito's mouth!

When they stick that long skinny mouth in your arm, their saliva (like their spit)
touches your skin so you don't really feel them poking you.

That saliva is also what makes those little bites so itchy!

(from: wikipedia - mosquito)

Biceps

We just learned about the Hyoid Bone.

Let's start learning about the muscles in the human body!

The bicep is the muscle on the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow,
right along your humerus bone.

You are using your bicep when you pull your hand toward your shoulder.


(from: wikipedia - bicep)

Poland

Let's keep learning about the countries in Europe!

Last time we learned about Italy.

Next up is Poland.
In Poland to say good morning you would say dzień dobry! (sounds like jane doh-bray)

This country's famous food is wonderful tasty things like pierogis, kielbasa and paczis.

(from: wikipedia - poland)

Frédéric Chopin was a great pianist and music composer

(from: wikipedia - frédéric chopin)

Malbork Castle is the largest castle in the world

(from: wikipedia - malbork castle)

The Dunajec River Gorge is one of many beautiful natural sites

(from: wikipedia - dunajec river gorge)

Job

We just learned about the Return from Exile.

The book of Job teaches us that we should always be patient and trust in God.

In the beginning of the book, Job is one of the best followers of God, and he had many wonderful things.

Then Job lost it all, 10 kids, thousands of sheep and camels, and he even got painful sores on his body.
But through it all, Job did not say bad things about God.

Job knew that God was in control of all things.

Then one day God healed Job, and gave him back twice as many things as he had before.
(from: wikipedia - job (bible))

Canis Major

We've already learned that the brightest star in the sky is Sirius

Sirius is a star in the constellation Canis Major which means something like bigger dog.

(from: wikipedia - canis major)

Sometimes Sirius is called the dog star, and the Canis Major constellation
is supposed to represent one of the dogs following around Orion the hunter.

French - September, October

Let's keep learning the months of the year in French!

We already learned that January is Janvier, February is Février, March is Mars, April is Avril, May is Mai, June is Juin, July is Juillet and August is Août.

Next up is September and October.
September, - Septembre - sounds like sep-tom-buh-ah /?/

October - Octobre - sounds like Oh-k-tow-buh-ah /?/

Resistors

Last week we learned about circuit boards how they are just many little
eletrical circuits made as small as possible on one little board.

If you look on those circuit boards, you will probably see something brown sticking out.
That is called a resistor.

(from: wikipedia - resistors)


Remember that we learned about resistance how it's like a small part of a tube
that the electricity is going through, and it slows down the flow?

Well that's exactly what the resistors on a circuit board do.

Dragonflies and Damselflies

We just learned about Horse Withers.

Dragonflies are wonderful creatures that eat LOTS of mosquitos!
They can eat 30 times their entire body weight in those nasty bugs.

When you see dragonflies, you may notice that some of them have their wings laid out flat,
and some hold their wings closed up high.

The one with the wings closed is actually called a damselfly.

Dragonfly:


Damselfly:

(from: wikipedia - dragonfly)

So be nice to dragonflies and damselflies and they will eat a bunch of mosquitos for us!

Hyoid bone

We just learned about the Ear Bones - Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

The very last bone in the body we're going to learn about is the hyoid bone.

It's underneath your chin, right at the top of your neck.


(from: wikipedia - hyoid bone)

Italy

Let's keep learning about the countries in Europe!

Last time we learned about Scotland.

Next up is Italy.
In Italy to say hello you would say bonjourno!

This country is very famous for their food, like spaghetti and tortellini,
and for their famous cities of Rome, Milan, Florence and Venice
where there have been many famous artists and musicians.

(from: wikipedia - italy)

The coloseum is a very old place where people called gladiators used to fight
each other with swords and shields while people watched and cheered them on.


There is a city in Italy called Venice where they don't have cars driving on streets,
they have boats on the water instead!

(from: wikipedia - venice)

One of the most famous paintings in the world is the Mona Lisa,
it was painted by the famous Italian artist Leonardo Da Vinci.

(from: wikipedia - leonardo da vinci)

Return from Exile

Many years after God's people were exiled from their land by Nebuchadnezzar,
a new king came along named Cyrus who allowed everyone to come home,
and even gave back their treasures.

Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther were leaders that God chose
to help rebuild his people after they went back to their homes.

(from: wikipedia - esther)

Sirius

We just learned about the Planet Alpha Centauri Bb

The brightest star in the night sky is called Sirius.


(from: wikipedia - sirius)

It can be found near the constellation of Orion.

French - July, August

Let's keep learning the months of the year in French!

We already learned that January is Janvier, February is Février, March is Mars, April is Avril, May is Mai and June is Juin.

Next up is July and August.
July, - Juillet - sounds like zhoo-ee-ay /?/

August- Août - sounds like oot /?/

Circuit board

We learned before about electrical circuits.

If you take apart something electronic like an alarm clock, computer or a radio,
you will see a colored board with a bunch of metal and plastic things sticking out of it.

This called a circuit board.

(from: wikipedia - printed circuit board)

The lines that you see on the circuit board are made of metal that are like wires in a circuit,
laid out on the board as small as possible to save space and make electronics really tiny!

Horse withers

We just learned about Cow Stomachs

Let's learn a little about Horses

Horses are big wonderful animals, with the largest eyes of any land animal.

When people want to measure a horse, they measure from the ground to the horse's withers.
The withers is the spot on the horse where the neck meets the back.

Horses are measured in hands, which is the same as 4 inches.
So if a horse is 15 hands high, then it is 15 * 4 = 60 inches tall at the withers.

(from: wikipedia - horse)

Ear bones - Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

We just learned about the Inferior Nasal Concha.

Inside your ear are three little bones that your body uses to help make the sounds you hear.

The hammer, anvil and stirrup bones vibrate in your ear so you can hear.


(from: wikipedia - middle ear)

Sometimes people call these by their names in Latin language:
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Scotland

Let's keep learning about the countries in Europe!

Last time we learneda bout Ireland.

Next up is Scotland.
Scotland is on the North part of the same island where England is.


(from: wikipedia - scotland)

In Scotland there were many families, also called clans and each clan had their symbols (called crests) and colors (tartans).


(from: wikipedia - clan wallace)

Scottish mean wear something called a kilt, which is like a skirt but worn by men!

(from: wikipedia - kilt)

They play a special instrument called a bagpipe,
which is a big full of air and a bunch of horns attached to it.

(from: wikipedia - bagpipe)

Nebuchadnezzar

We just learned about some of the Other Kings in the Bible.

In the books about Kings, the Kings that ruled Israel turned away from God.

Becaus they stopped listening to him, God let a king named Nebuchadnezzar come in and rule over his people.

Nebuchadnezzar was not a nice guy!
He took away all of the special treasures that God had given his people,
and sent them away (exiled them) to a place called Babylon

They were exiled from their land for 60 years!


(from: wikipedia - nebuchadnezzar ii)

Planet Alpha Centauri Bb

We've learned about the star system for Alpha Centauri,
and scientists now think they've found a planet in that star system!

The planet is called Alpha Centauri Bb.

It's not much like earth though, because it is so hot people think the whole planet is made of lava!


(from: wikipedia - alpha centauri bb)

French - May, June

Let's keep learning the months of the year in French!

We already learned that January is Janvier, February is Février, March is Mars and April is Avril.

Next up is May and June.
May, - Mai - sounds just like May /?/

June - Juin - sounds like zhoo-ah /?/

Periodic Table

We've learned about chemical elements and atomic numbers now,
but with all these different elements and atoms, how can anyone remember it all??

To help remember all of these different things, a scientist came up with something called the periodic table.
It takes all of the different chemical elements and puts them into a picture, organized by their atomic number.
Each element has it's own short name, like Oxygen is O, Hydrogen is H, Neon is Ne.


(from: wikipedia - periodic table)

Not all of the names match exactly like you would guess!
Like Gold is Au, Sodium is Na, and Lead is Pb.
There are some really crazy named elements too, like Darmstadtium (Ds) and Ununpentium (Uup)!

Cow Stomachs

We just learned about the Cat's Tongue.

Have you ever heard that cows have 4 stomachs?
Well that's sort of true!

Cows really only have one big stomach, but it has four parts.
Each part of the stomach has a different job, like using up the food or water.

Cows also sometimes burp their food back up, chew it again and swallow it back down!
Yuck!
That's called chewing their cud.

(from: wikipedia - cattle)

Cows can be known by many names, depending on if they are male, female, young, old and lots of other things.

These are all names for cows: bull, calf, cow, heifer, cattle, feeders, yearlings, stirks, steer, ox, springer, bullocks, stag, rig, freemartin, neat, beefing, pollard, milker, bovine

The word cow really means a grownup female cattle, but a lot of people just use the word cow.
Maybe it's just a fun word to say!

Inferior nasal concha

Let's learn the last part of the facial skeleton!

We've already learned about the mandible, maxilla, nasal bone, vomer, palatine bones, zygomatic bones and lacrimal bones.

The last one is the inferior nasal concha.

It's another one of the small hidden bones behind your nose area.

(from: wikipedia - inferior nasal concha)