Fuller

We just learned about the Tongs.

Another blacksmithing tool is the fuller.

This type of tool is a long tool like a bar that has a rounded edge on one side.
There are two types of tools, an upper fuller or lower fuller.

The upper fuller is like a bar that is placed on top of the hot metal.
It has a handle that the blacksmith holds onto while hitting the top of the fuller, and the rounded part of the fuller spreads out the metal as it is pushed down into it.

The lower fuller goes underneath the metal by the anvil, and sits into the hardy hole while the blacksmith hits the metal.


(from: wikipedia - fuller)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Dust Storm

Bushmaster

We just learned about the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake.

Another type of snake is the Bushmaster.

This type of snake lives in Central and South America, and can grow to be up to 15 feet long.
It is venomous, and is the longest snake in the west part of the world.

It's tail has a spike on it, which it shakes when it is in danger, but it does not make a rattle sound.
Because of this it has the nickname of the "mute rattlesnake".

(from: wikipedia - lachesis (genus))


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Rottweiler

Dorsal Root

We just learned about the anterior roots that are on the front part of the spinal nerve.

The nerves that come out the back side of the spinal nerve are the Dorsal Roots.
Dorsal means the top or backside, like a dorsal fin of the dolphin.


(from: wikipedia - dorsal root of spinal nerve)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Popliteal Vein

Pamir Mountains

We just learned about the Hindu Kush mountain range.

Another mountain range is the Pamir Mountains, in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and China.

They are nicknamed the Roof of the World or the Onion range.
It has the longest glacier in the world outside of the polar regions.
There is a path going through the Pamir Mountains that is part of a very important path long ago called the Silk Road.


(from: wikipedia - pamir mountains)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: West Virginia

Anchor

We just learned about the Christian Symbol of the Pelican.

Another Christian symbol is the Anchor.

The anchor was seen as something that was very safe, and something that you could hold on to if you needed to be strong.
(from: wikipedia - category:anchors on stained glass windows)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Paul's Letter to the Galatians

Arch of Constantine

We just learned about the Ara Pacis.

Another ancient Roman sculpture is the Arch of Constantine, in Rome Italy.
It is a large cement arch that is over 60 feet tall and over 80 feet wide.

This was built to honor the Emperor Constantine, and has many sculptures of soldiers and battles from the bottom to the top.

Many of the stone statues are twice as tall as a person.


(from: wikipedia - arch of constantine)


(from: wikipedia - arch of constantine)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Farewell - August Macke

Italian - Counting to eighty nine

We counted to 79 in Italian, let's keep going!

80 ottanta - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah /?/
81 unottanta - sounds like oo-n-oh-tah-n-tah /?/
82 ottantadue - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-doo-ay /?/
83 ottantatre - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-t-day /?/
84 ottantaquattro - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-koo-ah-t-doh /?/
85 ottantacinque - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-chee-n-koo-ay /?/
86 ottantasei - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-say-ee /?/
87 ottantasette - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-say-tay /?/
88 ottantotto - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-oh-toh /?/
89 ottantanove - sounds like oh-tah-n-tah-no-vay /?/



(from: wikipedia - Goethe Institute)


German:
achtzig, einundachtzig, zweiundachtzig, dreiundachtzig, vierundachtzig, fünfundachtzig, sechsundachtzig, siebenundachtzig, achtundachtzig, neunundachtzig

Spanish
ochenta, ochenta y uno, ochenta y dos, ochenta y tres, ochenta y cuatro, ochenta y cinco, ochenta y seis, ochenta y siete, ochenta y ocho, ochenta y nueve

French
quatre-vingts, quatre-vingts-un, quatre vingt deux, quatre vingt trois, quatre vingt quatre, quatre vingt cinq, quatre vingt six, quatre vingt sept, quatre vingt huit, quatre vingt neuf

Tongs

We just learned about the chisel.

Another tool used in a blacksmith forge is the tong.

The metal is too hot for the blacksmith to touch, so the tongs are used to hold it still while it is being shaped and hammered, or for putting it in or taking it out of a hot forge.

There are a few types of tongs, like flat tongs, ring tongs, and gad tongs.
Depending on what type of metal the blacskmith is working with, different shapes of tongs can help hold it better.
If it is a flat piece of metal, the flat tongs work well.
But if it is a round bar, it might slip with flat tongs, so the ring tongs would work better.


(from: wikipedia - tongs)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Sand Storm

Western Diamondback Rattlesnake

We just learned about the Indochinese spitting cobra.

Another type of snake is the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake.

This snake has a rattle on it's tail just like some of the other rattlesnakes we've learned about.
It usually grows to about 4 feet long, and it's scales make a diamond shaped pattern.

It is venomous, and will attack people if it is not left alone.
It is the second most deadly snake in the United States.

These snakes are important predators of mice, rabbits and birds that would harm crops and homes if they were not around.
They are also prey for larger predators like coyotes, foxes, hawks and owls.

These snakes sometimes hibernate in colder weather, and can go for two years without any food.
They live in the southwestern part of the US and in Mexico.


(from: wikipedia - western diamondback rattlesnake)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Pomeranian

Anterior Roots

We just learned about the part in the middle of the spinal cord called the Grey Column.

Another part of the nervous system in the spinal column is the Anterior Roots or ventral roots.

These are the nerves that come out of the spinal cord on the anterior, or front side of the spinal cord.
They really are coming out the side of spinal cord, but on the front part of the side.


(from: wikipedia - ventral root of spinal nerve)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Fibular Vein

Hindu Kush

We just learned about the Karakoram Mountains.

The next largest mountain range is the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Some people think the name means Hindu Killer because of the people that died on the mountain.
Others think it means sparkling snows of India, mountains of India or water mountain.

It was also called Paropamisadae a long time ago, which means Beyond the Raised Land.

Long ago there were mines in these mountains for lapis lazuli, emeralds and rubies.
The mines are not used anymore because they did not find any more gems.



(from: wikipedia - hindu kush)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Washington

Pelican

We just learned about the Christian symbol of the Peacock.

Another symbol is the Pelican.

There are legends about pelicans being such loving mothers than if their children were starving they would use their beak to poke themselves so that the babies could survive from their own blood.

Because Jesus died on the cross and and had the nails poke through his hands, the pelican is like a way to think of Jesus suffering for his children in the same way.


(from: wikipedia - Christian Symbolism)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians

Ara Pacis

We just learned about the ancient Roman sculpture the Capitoline Brutus.

Another ancient Roman sculpture is the Ara Pacis, which means "Altar of Augustan Peace".

This was a sculpted building made for the mythical Roman god of peace named Pax.
The building is over thirty feet wide and thirty feet tall.


(from: wikipedia - ara pacis)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: The Tower of Blue Horses - Franz Marc

Italian - Counting to seventy nine

We counted to 69 in Italian, let's keep going!

70 settanta - sounds like say-tah-n-tah /?/
71 settantuno - sounds like say-tah-n-too-noh /?/
72 settantadue - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-doo-ay /?/
73 settantatre - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-t-day /?/
74 settantaquattro - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-koo-ah-t-doh /?/
75 settantacinque - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-chee-n-koo-ay /?/
76 settantasei - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-say-ee /?/
77 settantasette - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-say-tay /?/
78 settantotto - sounds like say-tah-n-toh-toh /?/
79 settantanove - sounds like say-tah-n-tah-noh-vay /?/



(from: wikipedia - Goethe Institute)


German:
siebzig, einundsiebzig, zweiundsiebzig, dreiundsiebzig, vierundsiebzig, fünfundsiebzig, sechsundsiebzig, siebenundsiebzig, achtundsiebzig, neunundsiebzig

Spanish:
setenta, setenta y uno, setenta y dos, setenta y tres, setenta y cuatro, setenta y cinco, setenta y seis, setenta y siete, setenta y ocho, setenta y nueve

French:
soixante-dix, soixante et onze, soixante-douze, soixante-treize, soixante-quatorze, soixante-quinze, soixante-seize, soixante dix sept, soixante dix huit, soixante dix neuf

Chisel

We just learned about the sledgehammer.

Sometimes when a blacksmith needs to cut a piece of metal, they will use something called a chisel.

There are two main types of chisels, a hot chisel or cold chisel.

A cold chisel is used for metal that is cooled down, and is sometimes used to put marks or grooves in metal.
A hot chisel is used for metal that has been in the forge and is very hot.
A blacksmith will hold the chisel over the metal, and then hit the top of the chisel with the hammer.

There is a special type of chisel called the hotcut hardy, which goes into an anvil's hardy hole.
The point of the hotcut hardy chisel is facing up, and the blacksmith puts the metal on the top of the chisel and hits the metal, pushing it into the pointed part of the chisel.


(from: wikipedia - chisel)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Freezing Rain

Indochinese Spitting Cobra

We just learned about the Gaboon Viper.

Another type of snake is the Indochinese Spitting Cobra.

Just like all other cobras, this snake will raise it's head up, and also has a hood that flares out.
It can be black, white, brown or multiple colors like white with black spots.

It is a spitting cobra, meaning it can actually spray its venom out of it's fangs at enemies over six feet away!
The venom will not hurt if it is on human skin, but if it gets in someone's eyes they may be permanently blinded.

These snakes can bite too, not just spray their venom, and their bite can be deadly if the person does not get to the hospital soon enough.
They are a very dangerous snake, but they only live in a small part of the world, near Thailand.


(from: wikipedia - indochinese spitting cobra)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Dalmatian

Grey Column

We just learned about the Spinal Nerve.

Another part of the central nervous system is the Grey Column.
This is inside the spinal column, and is made up of grey matter.


(from: wikipedia - grey column)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Tibial Veins

Karakoram

We just learned about the mountain range the Himalayas.

The next largest mountain range is Karakoram, which means black gravel.
Because it is near the Himalayas, sometimes it is included as part of the greater Himalayan mountain range.

This mountain range is in Pakistan, India, China, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

It has the most glaciers of any place in the world except for the north and south poles.

(from: wikipedia - karakoram)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Virginia

Peacock

We just learned about the Christian symbol of the Dove.

Another Christian symbol is the Peacock.

Long ago people thought that the peacock's body did not get old after it died, so it was like a symbol of living forever like Jesus.

The large parts of the peacock's tail that look like eyes were thought of like the all seeing eyes of God.
Sometimes pictures of peacocks drinking water were used as symbols of Christians drinking from the waters of eternal life.


(from: wikipedia - christian symbolism)


(from: wikipedia - peafowl)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians

Capitoline Brutus

We just learned about the Roman Sculpture Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Another Roman sculpture was Capitoline Brutus.
It is a bronze statue of a head and shoulders, called a bust.

This statue was of an ancient Roman person named Lucius Junius Brutus.
He was an important person in Rome hundreds of years ago, when the country decided to get rid of their kings, and instead have a bunch of people running the country that were chosen by the people.



(from: wikipedia - capitoline brutus)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: When Will You Marry? - Gauguin

Italian - Counting to sixty nine

We counted to 59 in Italian, let's keep going!

60 sessanta - sounds like say-sah-n-tah /?/
61 sessantuno - sounds like say-sah-n-too-noh /?/
62 sessantadue - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-doo-ay /?/
63 sessantatre - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-t-day /?/
64 sessantaquattro - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-koo-ah-t-doh /?/
65 sessantacinque - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-chee-n-koo-ay /?/
66 sessantasei - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-say-ee /?/
67 sessantasette - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-say-tay /?/
68 sessantotto - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-oh-toh /?/
69 sessantanove - sounds like say-sah-n-tah-noh-vay /?/


(from: wikipedia - Goethe Institute)


German:
sechzig, einundsechzig, zweiundsechzig, dreiundsechzig, vierundsechzig, fünfundsechzig, sechsundsechzig, siebenundsechzig, achtundsechzig, neunundsechzig

Spanish:
sesenta, sesenta y uno, sesenta y dos, sesenta y tres, sesenta y cuatro, sesenta y cinco, sesenta y seis, sesenta y siete, sesenta y ocho, sesenta y nueve

French:
soixante, soixante et un, soixante-deux, soixante-trois, soixante-quatre, soixante-cinq, soixante-six, soixante-sept, soixante-huit, soixante-neuf

Sledgehammer

We just learned about the Straight Peen Hammer.

Another type of hammer used in blacksmithing is the Sledgehammer.

This type of hammer has a round flat face on both sides, and a very long handle.


(from: wikipedia - sledgehammer)

In the old days of blacksmithing, there would be one person holding the piece of metal in place, while another person called the striker would take a big heavy swing and hit the piece of metal very hard with the sledgehammer.


(from: wikipedia - blacksmith)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Heat Lightning

Gaboon Viper

We just learned about the Savu Python.

Another type of snake is the Gaboon Viper.

This snake is part of the viper family, which are snakes that have long fangs and use venom.

The Gaboon viper is the world's heaviest viper, has the longest fangs of any viper, and also uses the most venom per bite of any viper.
They can be over 40 pounds, and over 6 feet long!

These snakes live in Africa, and even though they are very big and dangerous, they almost never attack people.
Their venom is enough to kill a person if they do not get to a hospital quickly, but some of these vipers have even been stepped on and still have not bitten the person.

They are checkered with black triangles and white hourglass shapes.

(from: wikipedia - gaboon viper)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Rough Collie

Spinal Nerve

We just learned about the Foramen Magnum.

A while back we learned about the bones in your back called the vertebrae.
These are the bones that help protect your spinal cord.
Inside each of these bones are some nerves called Spinal Nerves.

The main spinal cord goes down the middle, and the spinal nerves come out from the sides and go out to all parts of the body.


(from: wikipedia - vertebra)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Small Saphenous Veins

Himalayas

We just learned about the 14 tallest mountain peaks like Shisapangma, that are all over 8,000 KM above sea level.

Some of these mountain peaks are part of the same mountain area, which is called a mountain range.

The tallest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas, which means Abode of Snow. Abode means house.
It is the mountain with Mt. Everest, the highest peak. There are over a hundred mountains on this range, and hundreds of lakes.



(from: wikipedia - himalayas)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Vermont

Dove

We just learned about the Christian symbol of The Good Shepherd.

Another Christian symbol is the Dove.

When Jesus was baptised by John the Baptist, the Bible says that the Holy Spirit came down on him like a dove from the sky.
The dove was also the bird that brought an olive branch to Noah after the flood.


(from: wikipedia - christian symbolism)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Paul's Letter to the Romans

Trajan's Column

We just learned about the the ancient Roman sculpture the Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Another ancient Roman sculpture is Trajan's Column.

During the time when Rome was at war, sometimes they would make large sculptures and columns to celebrate battle victories.

This tall cylinder column was made for a Roman Emperor named Trajan.
There is a statue of him at the top, and the outside of the column has carvings showing his army winning battles.


(from: wikipedia - trajan's column)


(from: wikipedia - trajan's column)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: La Blanchisseuse - Toulouse-Lautrec

Italian - Counting to Fifty Nine

We count to 49 in Italian, let's keep going!

50 cinquanta - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah /?/
51 cinquantuno - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-too-noh /?/
52 cinquanta due - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah doo-ay /?/
53 cinquanta tre - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah t-day /?/
54 cinquantaquattro - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah koo-ah-t-doh /?/
55 cinquantacinque - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah chee-n-koo-ay /?/
56 cinquantasei - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah say-ee /?/
57 cinquantasette - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah say-tay /?/
58 cinquantotto - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-toh-toh /?/
59 cinquantanove - sounds like seen-koo-ah-n-tah no-vay /?/


(from: wikipedia - Goethe Institute)


German:
fünfzig, einundfünfzig, zweiundfünfzig, dreiundfünfzig, vierundfünfzig, fünfundfünfzig, sechsundfünfzig, siebenundfünfzig, achtundfünfzig, neunundfünfzig

Spanish:
cincuenta, cincuenta y uno, cincuenta y dos, cincuenta y tres, cincuenta y cuatro, cincuenta y cinco, cincuenta y seis, cincuenta y siete, cincuenta y ocho, cincuenta y nueve

French:
cinquante, cinquante et un, cinquante-deux, cinquante-trois, cinquante-quatre, cinquante-cinq, cinquante-six, cinquante-sept, cinquante-huit, cinquante-deux