Meteorite

We now know that an asteroid is a big rock flying in space,
a meteoroid is a small chunk broken off of an asteroid
and a meteor is a chunk of that meteoroid that burns up in the sky when falling to a planet.

So what's a meteorite then?

If a meteor enters a planet's sky and doesn't burn up all the way,
sometimes it actually hits the planet.

When it actually hits the planet, it's called a meteorite!
Most meteorites are really small like a baseball and don't cause any damage, others are bigger than a car!

(from: wikipedia - meteorite)

French - Our table is short

We've now learned that This house is big is Cette maison est grande
The chair is small is La chaise est petit,
My drink is cold is Ma boisson est froide,
Your food is hot is Votre nourriture est chaud
and Their car is tall is Leur voiture est haut
.
To say Our table is short, you would say Notre table est courte.

Our - Notre - sounds like nuh-tuh-ah /?/
table - table - sounds like tah-bluh /?/
is - est - sounds like ay /?/
short - courte - sounds like coh-ut /?/

All together it sounds like nuh-tu-ah tah-bluh ay coh-ut /?/

Kinematics

We've learned now about measuring distance, time and velocity.

A word for the way these things work together is called kinematics,
which really just means a way to understand moving things.

Using kinematics, we can use the things we can measure in a special way,
we can use two of them to figure out the third one!

So if you drive in a car, and you know how fast you went (velocity v)
and how long it took you to get somewhere (time t)
you can figure out how far you went! (distance d)

Let's say we went 10 miles per hour (v = 10mph)
and we went for 2 hours (t = 2h)

We can figure out our distance (d) by multiplying v times t.
If you know some algebra, it looks like this:
d = v * t
d = 10mph * 2h
d = 20 miles

We can do the same thing with time, but we divide our distance by our velocity:
t = d / v

And we can get velocity if we have distance and time.
d = v * t

Fun!


(from: wikipedia - kinematics)

Temporal bone

We learned before that the frontal bone, parietal bones, occipital bone, ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone are part of the neurocranium.

The last part of the neurocranium is the temporal bone, located on the side of your head at your temple.

(from: wikipedia - temporal bone)

Spider Monkey

Is a Spider Monkey a cross between a spider and a monkey?

Nope! It's just a monkey with really long arms and legs,
so when it climbs through the trees it sort of looks like a big black spider.

(from: wikipedia - spider monkey)

Chile and Bolivia

Two more countries to learn about in South America: Chile and Bolivia.

Chile is a very long thin country along the West coast of South America.
It borders the Andes mountains, and at the South of the continent,
is a tip of land called Cape Horn that sailors used to have to sail around
until the Panama Canal was constructed in Central America.


(from: wikipedia - chile)

Bolivia is an inland country that also shares part of the Andes mountain range.
It is also home to Spider Monkeys!.

(from: wikipedia - bolivia)

Spider Monkeys are called that because they have very long arms and legs.

(from: wikipedia - spider monkey)

Joshua

We've just finished up learning about the five books that make up the Old Testament books of law

Now let's learn about the next part of the Old Testament, the books of history.

There are 12 books of history: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicle, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther.

Let's start with the book of Joshua.

Remember that at the end of Deuteronomy Moses dies and Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites.

In this book, Joshua leads the Israelites into God's promised land of Canaan,
and conquers all the cities.

The first city conquered is Jericho, and the Israelites conquer it using God's power
by marching around the city 7 times and then blowing their trumpets
and yelling at the wall to make it come crashing down!


(from: wikipedia - book of joshua)

Meteoroid

A Meteoroid is a smaller piece of a comet or asteroid that has broken off and is floating into space.

When a meteoroid gets close to a planet, it will burn up in the sky.

The burning up is very bright, and it's what we call a shooting star or meteor.


(from: wikipedia - meteoroid)

French - Their car is tall

We've now learned that This house is big is Cette maison est grande
The chair is small is La chaise est petit,
My drink is cold is Ma boisson est froide
and Your food is hot is Votre nourriture est chaud.

To say Their car is tall, you would say Leur voiture est haut.

Their - Leur - sounds like leh-uh /?/
car - voiture - sounds like voh-ee-choo-ah /?/
is - est - sounds like ay /?/
tall - haut - sounds like ah-oh /?/

All together it sounds like leh-uh voh-ee-choo-ah ay ah-oh /?/

Velocity

We've learned now about measuring distance and time.

Another thing we can measure is called Velocity.

Velocity means speed, or how fast you are going.
It is measured by looking at how much time it takes you to go a distance.
So if you run for 20 meters and it takes you 10 seconds,
then you would say that your velocity was 20 meters per 10 seconds.

If you know your division, you can do 20 / 10 = 2
and then say your velocity was 2 meters per 1 second.

Sometimes we use just one letter for time and distance,
m = meters
s = seconds

So you could write 2 meters per 1 second as 2 m/s

You may also have seen the letters mph before,
that means you are measuring velocity in miles per hour,
and saying how many miles you can go in one hour at the speed you are going.


(from: wikipedia - velocity)

Dung Beetle

The Dung Beetle is a type of insect that collects dung to survive.
If you didn't already know this, dung is another word for poop!


(from: wikipedia - dung beetle)

Some dung beetles eat the dung, some lay their eggs in it, and some others just live in it.

Many of the beetles are rollers meaning they wait until the animal has pooped, and they roll the dung into a ball.

Sphenoid bone

We learned before that the frontal bone, parietal bones, occipital bone and ethmoid bone are part of the neurocranium.

Also part of the neurocranium is the Sphenoid Bone, located right behind your facial skeleton.

(from: wikipedia - sphenoid bone)

Uruguay and Paraguay

We just learned about the country of Argentina.

Two other countries in South America are Uruguay and Paraguay.

Why do their names sound so much alike?
It's because the guay part of their name means river,
and the countries were both named for their rivers.

Paraguay:

(from: wikipedia - paraguay)


Uruguay:

(from: wikipedia - uruguay)

Uruguay means river of the painted birds
and Paraguay means river that flows to the sea.

Deuteronomy

Let's keep learning about the other Books of Law in the Old Testament.

We already learned about Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers.

The last of the five books of law is Deuteronomy.

The word Deuteronomy means second law.
Just like Leviticus there are many laws listed in this book.

At the end of Deuteronomy Moses dies and Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites.


(from: wikipedia - book of deuteronomy)

Comets

A Comet is like an asteroid, but it has a glow around it called a coma and sometimes has a glowing tail

(from: wikipedia - comet)

Comets get a coma and tail when an asteroid gets close to the sun,
and parts of it start to burn up and turn into gas.

French - Your food is hot

We've now learned that This house is big is Cette maison est grande
The chair is small is La chaise est petit,
and My drink is cold is Ma boisson est froide.

To say Your food is hot, you would say Votre nourriture est chaud

Your - Votre - sounds like vuh-tuh-ah /?/
food - nourriture - sounds like noo-uh-ee-choo-ah /?/
is - est - sounds like ay /?/
hot - chaud - sounds like show /?/

All together it sounds like vuh-tuh-ah noo-uh-ee-choo-ah ay show /?/

Time

Last time we learned about measuring Distance.

Another thing we can measure is called Time.

We can look at a clock to see what time it is,
and we can also use the clock to count how much time has passed.

So if you get in the car and drive to Gramma's house,
if it takes 30 minutes then that is the time measured.

Time is usually measured in seconds, and there are 60 seconds in each minute.
So if you know your math, you can take 30 times 60 = 18,000 seconds.


(from: wikipedia - clock)

Red Panda

We just learned about the Turtle Scutes.

The Red Panda just might be the cutest animal in the world,
but would it make a good pet?


(from: wikipedia - red panda)

It's only a bit larger than most cats, and smaller than most dogs,
so who knows why this adorable fuzzy crawler hasn't made its way into homes yet.


Some people believe that Indira Gandhi kept one as a pet, so anything's possible!


The red panda doesn't like hot temperatures, and likes to stay up at night, which means it's nocturnal.

Ethmoid Bone

We learned before that the frontal bone, parietal bones and occipital bone are part of the neurocranium.

Also part of the neurocranium is the ethmoid bone, located right behind your nose and eyeballs.


(from: wikipedia - ethmoid bone)

Argentina

We've now learned about the South American countries Brazil and Columbia. Now let's learn about Argentina.

It's the second biggest country in South America by size,
and is third in number of people.

They speak Spanish in Argentina, and by size it is the largest Spanish speaking country in the world!


(from: wikipedia - argentina)

There was a musical play called Evita created about one of the country's
most famous politicians, Eva Perón

Numbers

Let's keep learning about the other Books of Law in the Old Testament.

We already learned about Genesis, Exodus and Leviticus.

Next up is Numbers.

The book Numbers is mostly about counting the people of the lord,
and God's people wandering in the desert and complaining too much.

Because they complained too much, God said that not all of them could enter the promised land,
and that Joshua instead of Moses would lead them into the promised land.


(from: wikipedia - book of numbers)

Asteroids

We learned last time about the all of the things like Pluto that were floating around in the Kuiper belt.

All of the things floating around in our solar system that aren't planets,
are called asteroids.


(from: wikipedia - asteroid)

French - My drink is cold

We've now learned that This house is big is Cette maison est grande
and The chair is small is La chaise est petit.

To say My drink is cold, you would say Ma boisson est froide

My - Ma - sounds like Mah /?/
drink - boisson - sounds like boo-ay-soh /?/
is - est - sounds like ay /?/
cold - froide - sounds like foo-ah-d /?/

All together it sounds like Mah boo-ay-soh-n ay foo-ah-d /?/

Distance

We just learned about the difference between Solid, Liquid and Gas.

Let's talk about measuring things!

First we can learn about Distance.

That means how far it is from one place to the next.
So if you drive in your car for 10 miles, then the distance is 10 miles.

(from: wikipedia - taxicab geometry)

You can also measure distances in meters.
A meter is a little bigger than three feet long.

Turtle scutes

We just learned about the Wolverine.

When you look at a turtle's shell and see the lines marking out different shapes on it's back or belly, those areas are called scutes

(from: wikipedia - turtle shell)

The scutes are like scales on a snake, and each scute has a name for where it is on the shell, like cervical, vertebral or marginal.

The scutes are made of keratin, the same as a rhino horns, whale baleen plates and our fingernails and hair!

Occipital Bone

We learned before that the Frontal Bone and Parietal Bones are part of the Neurocranium.
Also part of the neurocranium is the occipital bone, located in the back of your head.

(from: wikipedia - occipital bone)

Columbia

The second largest country in South America right after Brazil is Columbia.

(from: wikipedia - columbia)

46 million people live in Columbia, and they speak Spanish.
To say hello you would say Hola.

Columbia is well known for producing coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil.

Leviticus

Let's keep learning about the other Books of Law in the Old Testament.

We already learned about Genesis, and Exodus. Next up is Leviticus.

The word Leviticus just means a book about the Levites.
The Levites were the group of people that God picked to be in charge of keeping his laws.

So the book of Leviticus is mostly about rules or laws that God made for his people.
There are over 200 different laws in Leviticus!



(from: wikipedia - book of leviticus)

Kuiper Belt

Remember we talked about Pluto and how it's part of something called the Kuiper belt?
(kuiper rhymes with viper)

Well it turns out that lots of things are floating around in that area,
over 100,000 different things called Kuiper Belt Objects or KBO for short.

(from: wikipedia - kuiper belt)

They come in all sizes, some even close to the size of Pluto!

French - The chair is small

We learned last time that to say This house is big
you would say Cette maison est grande

Let's learn more about the things we see every day.

To say The chair is small you would say La chaise est petit
The - La - sounds like lah /?/
chair - chaise - sounds like shez /?/
is - est - sounds like ay /?/
small - petit - sounds like puh-tee /?/

All together it sounds like lah shez ay puh-tee /?/

Solid, Liquid, Gas

We just learned a little about Light Bulbs.

Have you ever gone sledding in the snow?
What about swimming in a pool?
Have you ever seen water boil on a stove?
What about a bright neon sign for a store?

If so, then you've seen the four types of matter in our world:
solid, liquid, gas and plasma

(from: wikipedia - states of matter)

We see water all the time in three of the four types.
An ice cube is water when it's solid, and the steam that rises from boiling water is actually the water turning into a gas.
There are lots of types of solids made from things other than water,
like the dirt you walk on, or the chair you sit in.

Solids can turn to liquids when they get hotter, like lava is actually rock as a liquid!

Sometimes gases are really hot like steam from water,
but sometimes gases are just normal temperature like the air we breathe.

Plasma is what happens when a gas gets really hot, and when the parts of the gas get really full of energy, and whenever you see a bright neon sign, it's filled with plasma!

(from: wikipedia - neon sign)

Wolverine

We just learned about the Arctic Fox.

Don't judge this animal by his size!

The Wolverine is known to be a very ferocious animal,
and even sometimes will try to fight a bear or wolf for food!

(from: wikipedia - wolverine)

The wolverine is also famous.

One of Michigan's nicknames is the Wolverine State and the University of Michigan uses the wolverine as it's mascot because of it's fierce reputation.

Parietal bones

We learned before that the frontal bone is part of the neurocranium.

Also part of the neurocranium are two parietal bones, left and right.
They are the large bones in your skull that make up most of the top and sides for your head.

(from: wikipedia - parietal bone)

Brazil

We just learned about the Caribbean Islands.

The largest country in the South American continent is Brazil

(from: wikipedia - brazil)

In Brazil they speak the Portuguese language.
To say hello, you would say Olá.

The largest city in Brazil is São Paulo, with over 11 million people.
It's the biggest city in all of North and South America!

(from: wikipedia - São Paulo)

The most popular city for tourists is Rio De Janeiro

Exodus

Let's keep learning about the other Books of Law in the Old Testament.

We already learned about Genesis, next up is Exodus.

The word Exodus is Greek, and it means "Going out".
It is all about God's people the Hebrews and how the escaped slavery from Egypt with God's help.

The main person in Exodus is Moses.

The book tells of his birth and how as a baby he floated down the river
and was found by the Queen of Egypt to be raised as his own.

Then when he became older he fled Egypt and spoke to God in the burning bush

He returned to Egypt and demanded the Pharaoh let the Hebrews go.
When they didn't, God punished Egypt, sending things called plagues.

Then finally the Hebrews were free and they fled Egypt, but the Pharaoh tried to get them back.
When they chased Moses and the Hebrews, God parted the Red Sea for the Hebrews, but let it flood and drown the people chasing them.

Finally the Hebrews were free, and God gave Moses the Ten Commandments as rules to live by.

(from: wikipedia - the exodus)

Pluto

We just learned about the planet Neptune.

Pluto's not a planet, but it used to be!

For about 75 years, Pluto was one of the nine planets in our solar system.
Then someone changed what it takes to be a planet, and now Pluto is called a Dwarf Planet.

(from: wikipedia - dwarf planet)

Scientists saw that in outer space near Pluto,
there were other things near the same size floating around.

In an area called the Kuiper belt they found four other Dwarf Planets
so Pluto's not really alone out there, it's just not a big planet like the other eight!

The five Dwarf Planets are Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.

French - This house is big

Let's learn how to talk about the things we see every day.

To say This house is big you would say Cette maison est grande

This - Cette - sounds like set /?/
house - maison - sounds like may-zown /?/
is - est - sounds like et /?/
big - grande - sounds like guh-on /?/

All together it sounds like set may-zown et guh-on /?/

Light bulbs

We just learned about the Electrical Circuit.

Another part of electricity is how light bulbs work.

Inside a light bulb there are two wires that send electricity two a wire in the middle called the filament

This makes the filament glow super bright. It is typically made of a special metal called tungsten. (Sounds like tongues ten)
(From: Wikipedia - light bulb)

Arctic Fox

We just learned about the Chameleon.

The arctic fox's fur changes color from brown in the summer, to white in the winter!

(from: wikipedia - arctic fox)

It does this of course to blend in to the snow so it can hide from predators or prey.

The arctic fox also has super great hearing.
If there is an animal buried underneath the snow, the fox can listen to find exactly where it is,
then pounce down into the snow and get it!

Frontal Bone

We learned before that the part of your cranium where your brain is at is called the neurocranium

There are eight bones that make up the neurocranium,
one of them is called the Frontal Bone

(from: wikipedia - frontal bone)

It starts above your forehead, and goes all the way down to the top of your nose and eyeballs.

Caribbean Islands

We just learned about the country of Greenland.

We've covered the larger countries in North America,
but there's one thing we haven't mentioned yet... the islands!

The area that is South of the state of Florida is called the Caribbean Sea.
There are more than 30 island countries there, spread out over 7,000 islands!


(from: wikipedia - caribbean)

The most populated islands in the Caribbean are Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti, each of them with over 10 million people.

There are over 40 million people spread across those small islands,
more people than live in the whole country of Canada!

Genesis

Remember we learned about how the Old Testament is all about what happened before Jesus was born, and that you can split it up into 4 parts: Law, History, Poetry, Prophecy.

There are five books of Law, and they are:
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

The first book Genesis means beginning.

There are many well known people from this book that you might remember:

Adam & Eve - The first people God created.

Cain & Abel - Children of Adam & Eve.

Noah - Built the ark to avoid the flood.

Abraham - Made a promise with God, father of the Israelites.

Isaac - Abraham's only son, almost sacrificed but saved by an angel.

Jacob & Esau - Twins, Jacob gets renamed as Israel.

Joseph - Coat of many colors.


(from: wikipedia - Book of genesis)

Neptune

We just learned about the planet of Uranus.

Neptune is the eighth and last planet in our solar system,
but it wasn't always that way!

(from: wikipedia - neptune)

For almost 100 years, Neptune was known as the last planet in our solar system.
Then in 1930, someone discovered Pluto!

For 40 years, Pluto was the furthest planet from the Sun in our solar system,
but then in 1979 it's orbit brought it closer to the Sun and Neptune became the furthest (and ninth) planet.

It was like that for 20 years and then switched back to Pluto being furthest.

Then in 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet,
making Neptune the furthest again.

French - We are surprised

We've now learned how to say I am happy,
you are sad, he is angry, and they are excited, in French.

Now let's learn how to say We are suprised.

We can break it up into the three words:
We - Nous - sounds like nooz /?/
are - sommes - sounds like sum /?/
surprised - surpris - Sounds like see-uh-puh-ee /?/


All together Nous sommes surpris sounds like noo-sum-see-uh-puh-ee.

Electrical Circuit

Now that we've learned about voltage, current and resistance,
we can try to understand an electrical circuit.

Remember what we've learned already by comparing electricity to water flowing through a pipe:
Voltage - The speed of the water flowing through
Current - How big around the pipe is
Resistance - A part where the pipe gets smaller and makes it tougher for water to get through

When people draw pictures to represent electrical circuits, they use special pictures and letters:

(from: wikipedia - electrical circuit)

v with the circle and +- in it stands for voltage.
i with an arrow stands for current
R with the zig-zag lines stands for resistance

So if you think of it like a water hose, the faucet is starting at v and the voltage
is how much you've turned on the faucet. Just a drip or full blast?.

The current i is for how big around the hose is.
Is it just a regular garden hose, or a big fire truck hose?

The resistance R is if there are any kinks in the hose,
or if anything is stuck in the hose.

You can see that all those things together make the water come out of the end of the hose really fast or really slow!

Chameleon

Can you move your right eye without moving your left one?
Can you cross your eyes?
Can you have one look up and the other look down?

A chameleon can do all of these things!

(from: wikipedia - chameleon)

There's no hiding from a chameleon, even if you're standing behind, above or under them, they can move their eyes and see you.

And if you're a bug, they use their super long tongue to reach out and grab you for lunch!

Chameleons are great at hiding too, when a bigger animal comes along.
They can change their body to all sorts of colors!

(from: wikipedia - panther chameleon

Facial Skeleton

Remember we already learned that the head bone or human skull is called the cranium,
and that the part in the back of your head that holds your brain is called the neurocranium

The part in the front that has your face is called your facial skeleton, viscerocranium or splanchocranium.

(from: wikipedia - facial skeleton)

It's everything from your forehead to your nose to your cheeks and mouth.