Another type of new world monkey is the Black Bearded Saki, also called chiropotes satanas.
This type of monkey lives only in some parts of Brazil by the Amazon river.
They have black fur, and a big bushy beard and a long black fluffy tail.
Their science name chiropotes means "hand drinker" because these monkeys have been seen using their hands to scoop water into their mouths.
This helps these monkeys keep their beards clean.
This is a gooey liquid that is inside the bony labryinth we learned about.
The perilymph helps control the electrical messages that are sent to the brain when the ear hears a sound and turns it into a message.
Let's learn about some more countries in North America.
One country is called Nicaragua!
This country borders Honduras, Costa Rica, and both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
It is about 50,000 square miles and about 6 million people live there.
People in Nicaragua speak Spanish.
The flag of Nicaragua is sideways stripes of blue, white and blue, with the a triangle in the middle of the white.
The two blue stripes are for the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea.
The white is for peace, and the triangle is the coat of arms for Nicaragua.
In the town of Managua, there are fossilized footprints that were left in volcanic ash and mud, and scientists think they are from over 2,000 years ago.
We just learned about the Christmas song O Holy Night.
Another famous Christmas song is O Come All Ye Faithful.
This song was first wrirten in Latin, and was called "Adeste Fidelis" which means "All Ye Faithful".
No one is really sure who wrote the words or music for this song.
A bunch of different copies of it have been found in countries like England and Portugal, and no one is really sure who wrote it first.
In 1841 the priest Frederick Oakeley wrote it in English, and those are pretty close to the words and music we use today.
The song in Latin:
Adeste fideles læti triumphantes, Venite, venite in Bethlehem.
Natum videte Regem angelorum: Venite adoremus (3×) Dominum.
Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine Gestant puellæ viscera
Deum verum, genitum non factum. Venite adoremus (3×) Dominum.
Cantet nunc io, chorus angelorum; Cantet nunc aula cælestium,
Gloria, gloria in excelsis Deo, Venite adoremus (3×) Dominum.
Ergo qui natus die hodierna. Jesu, tibi sit gloria,
Patris æterni Verbum caro factum. Venite adoremus (3×) Dominum.
The song in English:
O come, all ye faithful, joyful and triumphant! O come ye, O come ye to Bethlehem;
Come and behold him Born the King of Angels: O come, let us adore Him, (3×) Christ the Lord.
God of God, light of light, Lo, he abhors not the Virgin's womb;
Very God, begotten, not created O come, let us adore Him, (3×) Christ the Lord.
Sing, choirs of angels, sing in exultation, Sing, all ye citizens of Heaven above!
Glory to God, glory in the highest: O come, let us adore Him, (3×) Christ the Lord.
Yea, Lord, we greet thee, born this happy morning; Jesus, to thee be glory given!
Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing! O come, let us adore Him, (3×) Christ the Lord.
Another famous sculpture from Michelangelo was Bacchus.
While he was working in Florence, and before he made his famous Pieta sculpture, Michelangelo was hired to make a statue for the garden of a famous rich person.
He decided to make a sculpture of Bacchus, the mythical Roman god of wine.
The rich person did not like the statue and so he gave the statue to one of his friends.
Because it is one of his first sculptures it is very famous, and also a funny story because Michelangelo became one of the greatest artists of all time, and someone once refused one of his statues because they didn't think it was good enough.
Another part of how a monitor works is the Display Resolution.
We learned that a pixel is a picture element that helps draw a picture on the computer screen.
When you are looking at the computer, the picture will look more like a real life image depending on the pixel size, monitor size, and colors you can use.
If you have a normal sized computer monitor but you can only fit 100 pixels across and 100 pixels down, that makes for 10,000 pixels.
That seems like a lot, but computers these days usually show anything from 480,000 pixels on one screen to over 2 million pixels on one screen!
You can have the same size monitor but switch between low resolution (bigger pixels) and high resolution (small pixels) to fit in as many as you can on the screen.
In the first computers, colors were really only white or black, or sometimes green or black.
Some of the first computers made just for video games like the Atari could use 256 colors.
That might seem like a lot, but the computers today can use about 16 million different colors!
Another kind of new world monkey is the White-Faced Saki, also called the Guinan Saki, Golden-Faced Saki or Pithecia Pithecia.
This kind of monkey lives in South America, spending most of its life in the trees eating fruits, nuts and bugs.
Just like you might have guessed from their name, these monkeys a very white face that is different than the rest of their black body.
Female monkeys aren't as brightly colored as the males and will usually just have grey fur.
Yemen is a country in the middle east, bordering Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the Arabian Sea.
It is about 214,000 square miles, and has about 30 million people living there.
People in Yemen speak the Arabic language.
The flag of Yemen is sideways stripes of red, white, and black.
Red is for the blood of the people who fought for Yemen, white is for a bright future, and black is for a dark past.
To eat in Yemen you might have saltah, which is a meat stew made with fenugreek, chilies, tomatoes, garlic and herbs. These are mixed in with rice, potatoes, eggs, vegetables and served with bread.
(from: wikipedia - saltah)
Visiting Yemen, you might go to the island of Socotra, where there is a large tree called a dragon blood tree, or dracaena cinnabari.
It is called a dragon blood tree because of the red sap that comes off of the tree.
(from: wikipedia - dracaena cinnabari)
The words for this song were first written in 1843 by a French poet named Placide Cappeau.
In Roquemare France the church organ had been fixed, and the priest asked Placide to write a poem to celebrate.
In French the poem started with the words "Minuit, chrétiens! c'est l'heure solennelle" which means "Midnight, Christians, is the solemn hour".
In 1847 a musician named Adolphe Adam wrote the music to go with the poem.
After it became famous in France, it was later written in English by John Sullivan Dwight in 1855.
The song was very popular in parts of America during the Civil War with people who thought slavery was bad,
because of the words from the song: "Chains shall he break, for the slave is our brother,"
O holy night, the stars are brightly shining, It is the night of the dear Saviour’s birth;
Long lay the world in sin and error pining, 'Till he appeared and the soul felt its worth.
A thrill of hope the weary world rejoices, For yonder breaks a new and glorious morn;
Fall on your knees, Oh hear the angel voices! O night divine! O night when Christ was born.
O night, O holy night, O night divine.
Led by the light of Faith serenely beaming; With glowing hearts by his cradle we stand:
So, led by light of a star sweetly gleaming, Here come the wise men from Orient land,
The King of Kings lay thus in lowly manger, In all our trials born to be our friend;
He knows our need, To our weakness no stranger! Behold your King! Before Him lowly bend!
Behold your King! your King! before him bend!
Truly He taught us to love one another; His law is Love and His gospel is Peace;
Chains shall he break, for the slave is our brother, And in his name all oppression shall cease,
Sweet hymns of joy in grateful Chorus raise we; Let all within us praise his Holy name!
Christ is the Lord, then ever! ever praise we! His pow'r and glory, evermore proclaim!
His pow'r and glory, evermore proclaim!
Another one of the most famous artists of all time is Michelangelo.
His full name was Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, and he was born in Italy in the area now called Tuscany.
The family moved to another town called Settignano right after he was born, where his father owned a farm and a marble quarry.
When he was only 6 years old his mother died, so he was raised by his father, a nanny, and the nanny's husband.
Michelangelo said that part of the reason he was good at sculpting was because he grew up learning to use a chisel and hammer at the marble quarry.
When he was about 13 he moved to Florence for school, but was only interested in art, and was given a job as an apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio, the artist who painted the walls of the Sistine Chapel.
Many years later Michelangelo would be hired to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
After making some sculptures Michelangelo later made the very famous sculpture of Pietà with Jesus being held by his mother Mary.
That sculpture helped people see how good of an artist he was, and helped him get people to hire him so he could become one of the greatest artists of all time.
The picture that you see on a computer monitor is made up of thousands or millions of little dots that can change color to show different pictures.
Each one of these tiny dots is called a pixel, which is short for "picture element".
On some old computers monitors, the pixels were big and looked like little squares or blocks used to make pictures.
Now the pixels are so tiny they can show pictures on computer monitors showing people and places that look just like the real thing.
Another type of new world monkey is the Bald Uakari.
This type of monkey has a bright red face and a bald head.
It lives in South America, spending most of its life in the trees.
Bald Uakari monkeys grow to be about 7 pounds and 18 inches long, and eat mostly fruits, nuts and bugs.
Even though their red face and bald head look weird, a healthy red face means that this type of monkey is healthy!
Inside the Cochlea are tiny microscopic hairs that move when sound hits them.
When these hairs move, the part of the body they are attached to lets out some chemicals.
Those chemicals then touch some other cells in the body which let out electricity.
That electricity sends the message to the brain that the body heard a sound.
Depending on how loud, soft, high or low the sound is, the hairs will wiggle differently,
and that will send different chemicals and different electricity to the brain to tell you what sounds you are hearing.
Let's learn a little about the country of Vietnam, also called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Vietnam is a small country in Asia, about 128,000 square miles, with about 96 million people liveing there.
It borders China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Phillippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and the South China Sea.
To eat in Vietnam you might have bún chả, which is pork with noodles served over rice noodles and dipping sauce.
The word bún means noodles and chả means pork.
Visiting Vietnam you might go see Ban Gioc-Detian Falls, some big waterfalls in the country.
(from: wikipedia - ban gioc–detian falls)
Rice farming is a very important business in Vietnam, and rice is grown there in what are called terraces, that look like stairs.
(from: wikipedia - sa pa)
Another famous Christmas song is Hark! The Herald Angels Sing.
This was first written by Charles Wesley in 1739 in England.
When Wesley first wrote it, he called it "Hark! how all the welkin rings", where the word welkin means sky.
In 1840 another person changed it to the words Hark! The Herald Angels Sing that we know of today.
The tune for the song is from the famous composer Felix Mendelssohn's music called Festgesang.
Hark! The herald-angels sing "Glory to the newborn king;
Peace on earth and mercy mild, God and sinners reconciled"
Joyful all ye nations rise, Join the triumph of the skies
With the angelic host proclaim "Christ is born in Bethlehem"
Hark! The herald-angels sing "Glory to the new-born king"
Christ, by highest heaven adored Christ, the everlasting Lord,
Late in time behold Him come Offspring of a Virgin's womb:
Veiled in flesh the Godhead see, Hail the incarnate Deity
Pleased as man with man to dwell Jesus, our Emmanuel
Hark! The herald-angels sing "Glory to the newborn King"
Hail the Heaven-born Prince of Peace! Hail the Sun of Righteousness!
Light and life to all He brings, Risen with healing in His wings;
Mild He lays His glory by Born that man no more may die
Born to raise the sons of earth Born to give them second birth
Hark! The herald angels sing "Glory to the new-born king"
Another famous thing Leonard did was make Anatomical Drawings.
This means he studied things like arms and legs, and tried to draw sketches of how they work.
He made drawaings of how the human body moves, and even some pictures of what he thought babies looked like before being born.
Da Vinci studied humans and other animals too, and made many drawings about how a bird is able to fly.
This is the part of the computer that you look at, that shows all of the pictures and videos that your computer puts on it.
Through the years computer monitors have changed a lot.
Long ago they only had a black background with white or green text.
Then later monitors could display every color, and also draw pictures on the screen for things like video games or office work.
For a long time, computer monitors were very big, using what were called Cathode Ray Tubes or CRTs to show things on the monitor.
They were later replaced by flat screen monitors, usually called Liquid Crystal Displays or LCD.
LCDs are much thinner, lighter, and usually taller and wider than the old CRT displays.
Some old CRTs could weigh 50 pounds, compared to an LCD with the same screen size weighing only 10 pounds.
Because flat screen monitors could be made so thin and light, people could make computers so small they could fit on your lap, called laptops!
Another part of the bony labryinth in the inner ear is the Cochlea.
This is a spiral that sounds go into, and there are little hairs inside the spiral that send signals to the brain telling it what sounds are being heard.
The different parts of the spiral help the ear listen to different types of sounds.
At the opening the spiral collects sounds that are high pitched like a whistle.
As the spiral goes in further the sounds get lower, more like a big drum beating.
All of these different sounds get sent to the brain to hear all the different highs and lows.
The name cochlea comes from the greek word for spiral snail shell.
Let's learn a little about the country of Turkmenistan!
This is a country in the middle east, bordring Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.
It is about 190,000 square miles, and about 6 million people live there.
People in this country speak the Turkmen language.
The flag of Turkemnistan is green with a red stripe on the left with carpet designs on the red above olive branches.
On the right is a white crescent moon and five stars.
The moon is for hope, the stars are for the provinces in the country, the carpet is for the tribes of people who founded the country.
To eat in Turkmenistan, you might have melons!
This country was once famous for growing all kinds of melons, and they grow over 400 different kinds of melon.
(from: wikipedia - )
Visiting Turkmenistan you might go see the Darvasa gas crater.
This is a hole in the ground that is abotu 200 feet across and about 60 feet deep.
A long time ago people were drilling for oil in the area, and found a place where gas was leaking out from the ground.
They lit the ground on fire to help get rid of the gas leak, but it never stopped burning and the crater has now been burning for over 50 years.
There is a national holiday in Turkmenistan called Melon Day, because there are so many melon farms in the country.
Every year the second Sunday in August the people get together in the city of Ashgabat and have music, dancing and lots of melons.
We just learned about the Christmas song We Three Kings.
Another famous Christmas song is Away in a Manger.
For a very long time, people thought that the words for this song were written in 1883 by Martin Luther, and it was even sometimes called Luther's Cradle Song.
But after going back and looking at the writing, people now think that the words were first written in English somewhere earlier in America, and then later translated to German.
There are two popular tunes that people sing this song to.
The one that is most popular in America was wrriten by James R. Murray in 1887.
The other one that is more popular in Britan was written by William J. Kirkpatrick.
Another one of his famous inventions was called Leonardo's Robot.
Some time around 1495, Leonardo da Vinci came up with the idea to make a mechanical knight, that could move around.
He made some sketches on how to make it using pulleys and cables that were inside metal armor.
He showed it off to some people in Milan, and by pulling on cables he could make it stand, sit, and move its arms and head.
His robot has been lost, but some people have followed his designs and made copies of what they think his looked like long ago.
When we think of computers, some people think of the laptop they use at home, or the bigger computer they use at work.
Other people might think of the really big computers sitting alone in rooms at buildings doing gigantic amounts of work for hundreds, thousands or even millions of people.
There are other things that are computers that people don't really call computers, like tablets or iPads, cell phones, or video game systems.
All of these things have computers inside them that make them work.
These days even things like cars, airplanes, TVs, and even things like Washers and Dryers have tiny computers in them!
The first computers made were made over 50 years ago and filled up entire rooms with all of their parts.
Things have gotten so small now that a computer the size of your fingernail could do more than that whole room of computers did.
Another type of new world monkey is the Grey-Bellied Night Monkey.
Just like you would guess from their name, these monkeys stay up at night like an owl.
And just like an owl, they have really big eyes so they can try to see as much as they can in the dark.
These monkeys live only in some small parts of South America.
They only grow to be about 3 pounds, and they live in the trees eating fruit, vegetables, and small bugs.
