Parietal bones

We learned before that the frontal bone is part of the neurocranium.

Also part of the neurocranium are two parietal bones, left and right.
They are the large bones in your skull that make up most of the top and sides for your head.

(from: wikipedia - parietal bone)

Brazil

We just learned about the Caribbean Islands.

The largest country in the South American continent is Brazil

(from: wikipedia - brazil)

In Brazil they speak the Portuguese language.
To say hello, you would say Olá.

The largest city in Brazil is São Paulo, with over 11 million people.
It's the biggest city in all of North and South America!

(from: wikipedia - São Paulo)

The most popular city for tourists is Rio De Janeiro

Exodus

Let's keep learning about the other Books of Law in the Old Testament.

We already learned about Genesis, next up is Exodus.

The word Exodus is Greek, and it means "Going out".
It is all about God's people the Hebrews and how the escaped slavery from Egypt with God's help.

The main person in Exodus is Moses.

The book tells of his birth and how as a baby he floated down the river
and was found by the Queen of Egypt to be raised as his own.

Then when he became older he fled Egypt and spoke to God in the burning bush

He returned to Egypt and demanded the Pharaoh let the Hebrews go.
When they didn't, God punished Egypt, sending things called plagues.

Then finally the Hebrews were free and they fled Egypt, but the Pharaoh tried to get them back.
When they chased Moses and the Hebrews, God parted the Red Sea for the Hebrews, but let it flood and drown the people chasing them.

Finally the Hebrews were free, and God gave Moses the Ten Commandments as rules to live by.

(from: wikipedia - the exodus)

Pluto

We just learned about the planet Neptune.

Pluto's not a planet, but it used to be!

For about 75 years, Pluto was one of the nine planets in our solar system.
Then someone changed what it takes to be a planet, and now Pluto is called a Dwarf Planet.

(from: wikipedia - dwarf planet)

Scientists saw that in outer space near Pluto,
there were other things near the same size floating around.

In an area called the Kuiper belt they found four other Dwarf Planets
so Pluto's not really alone out there, it's just not a big planet like the other eight!

The five Dwarf Planets are Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.

French - This house is big

Let's learn how to talk about the things we see every day.

To say This house is big you would say Cette maison est grande

This - Cette - sounds like set /?/
house - maison - sounds like may-zown /?/
is - est - sounds like et /?/
big - grande - sounds like guh-on /?/

All together it sounds like set may-zown et guh-on /?/

Light bulbs

We just learned about the Electrical Circuit.

Another part of electricity is how light bulbs work.

Inside a light bulb there are two wires that send electricity two a wire in the middle called the filament

This makes the filament glow super bright. It is typically made of a special metal called tungsten. (Sounds like tongues ten)
(From: Wikipedia - light bulb)

Arctic Fox

We just learned about the Chameleon.

The arctic fox's fur changes color from brown in the summer, to white in the winter!

(from: wikipedia - arctic fox)

It does this of course to blend in to the snow so it can hide from predators or prey.

The arctic fox also has super great hearing.
If there is an animal buried underneath the snow, the fox can listen to find exactly where it is,
then pounce down into the snow and get it!

Frontal Bone

We learned before that the part of your cranium where your brain is at is called the neurocranium

There are eight bones that make up the neurocranium,
one of them is called the Frontal Bone

(from: wikipedia - frontal bone)

It starts above your forehead, and goes all the way down to the top of your nose and eyeballs.

Caribbean Islands

We just learned about the country of Greenland.

We've covered the larger countries in North America,
but there's one thing we haven't mentioned yet... the islands!

The area that is South of the state of Florida is called the Caribbean Sea.
There are more than 30 island countries there, spread out over 7,000 islands!


(from: wikipedia - caribbean)

The most populated islands in the Caribbean are Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti, each of them with over 10 million people.

There are over 40 million people spread across those small islands,
more people than live in the whole country of Canada!

Genesis

Remember we learned about how the Old Testament is all about what happened before Jesus was born, and that you can split it up into 4 parts: Law, History, Poetry, Prophecy.

There are five books of Law, and they are:
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

The first book Genesis means beginning.

There are many well known people from this book that you might remember:

Adam & Eve - The first people God created.

Cain & Abel - Children of Adam & Eve.

Noah - Built the ark to avoid the flood.

Abraham - Made a promise with God, father of the Israelites.

Isaac - Abraham's only son, almost sacrificed but saved by an angel.

Jacob & Esau - Twins, Jacob gets renamed as Israel.

Joseph - Coat of many colors.


(from: wikipedia - Book of genesis)

Neptune

We just learned about the planet of Uranus.

Neptune is the eighth and last planet in our solar system,
but it wasn't always that way!

(from: wikipedia - neptune)

For almost 100 years, Neptune was known as the last planet in our solar system.
Then in 1930, someone discovered Pluto!

For 40 years, Pluto was the furthest planet from the Sun in our solar system,
but then in 1979 it's orbit brought it closer to the Sun and Neptune became the furthest (and ninth) planet.

It was like that for 20 years and then switched back to Pluto being furthest.

Then in 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet,
making Neptune the furthest again.

French - We are surprised

We've now learned how to say I am happy,
you are sad, he is angry, and they are excited, in French.

Now let's learn how to say We are suprised.

We can break it up into the three words:
We - Nous - sounds like nooz /?/
are - sommes - sounds like sum /?/
surprised - surpris - Sounds like see-uh-puh-ee /?/


All together Nous sommes surpris sounds like noo-sum-see-uh-puh-ee.

Electrical Circuit

Now that we've learned about voltage, current and resistance,
we can try to understand an electrical circuit.

Remember what we've learned already by comparing electricity to water flowing through a pipe:
Voltage - The speed of the water flowing through
Current - How big around the pipe is
Resistance - A part where the pipe gets smaller and makes it tougher for water to get through

When people draw pictures to represent electrical circuits, they use special pictures and letters:

(from: wikipedia - electrical circuit)

v with the circle and +- in it stands for voltage.
i with an arrow stands for current
R with the zig-zag lines stands for resistance

So if you think of it like a water hose, the faucet is starting at v and the voltage
is how much you've turned on the faucet. Just a drip or full blast?.

The current i is for how big around the hose is.
Is it just a regular garden hose, or a big fire truck hose?

The resistance R is if there are any kinks in the hose,
or if anything is stuck in the hose.

You can see that all those things together make the water come out of the end of the hose really fast or really slow!

Chameleon

Can you move your right eye without moving your left one?
Can you cross your eyes?
Can you have one look up and the other look down?

A chameleon can do all of these things!

(from: wikipedia - chameleon)

There's no hiding from a chameleon, even if you're standing behind, above or under them, they can move their eyes and see you.

And if you're a bug, they use their super long tongue to reach out and grab you for lunch!

Chameleons are great at hiding too, when a bigger animal comes along.
They can change their body to all sorts of colors!

(from: wikipedia - panther chameleon

Facial Skeleton

Remember we already learned that the head bone or human skull is called the cranium,
and that the part in the back of your head that holds your brain is called the neurocranium

The part in the front that has your face is called your facial skeleton, viscerocranium or splanchocranium.

(from: wikipedia - facial skeleton)

It's everything from your forehead to your nose to your cheeks and mouth.

Greenland

We just learned a little about the Central American Countries.

If you go North and East from the US or Canada, you will find a country called Greenland.

(from: wikipedia - greenland)

It is an island, and the largest island on the Earth that is not considered a continent.

At over 800,000 square miles, Greenland is larger than the largest US state Alaska (under 700,000),
but with less than 57,000 people, it's less populated than the least populated US state Wyoming. (over 500,000)

This is mostly because almost all of Greenland is covered in a big sheet of ice!

Old Testament

We just learned a little about the Old Testament and New Testament.

The Bible can seem like a really huge book if you look at the whole thing.

But if you can look at it and can understand the different parts, it can be less confusing.

The Old Testament can be looked at in four sections:
Law, History, Poetry, Prophecy

There are 5 books of law, 12 books of history, 5 books of poetry,
5 books of major Prophets, and 12 books of minor prophets.

We'll learn more about these next time!


(from: wikipedia - old testament)

Uranus

We just learned a little about Saturn.

Uranus is the third biggest planet in the solar system and almost the furthest from the sun.
It is over 14 times bigger than Earth

(from: wikipedia - uranus)

The most interesting thing about Uranus is the way it rotates or spins.
The way Earth and the other planets spin around, you can think of them like spinning tops orbiting the sun.

But Uranus doesn't spin like a top, it acts more like a ball rolling on the ground.
The orbit is completely sideways!

This means that for half of it's year, it's South Pole is facing the sun,
and for the other half, it's North Pole is facing the sun.

Since a year on Uranus is 84 Earth years long, that means it's sunny in the North Pole for 42 years!

French - They are excited

We've now learned how to say I am happy,
you are sad and he is angry in French.

Now let's learn how to say They are excited.

We can break it up into the three words:
They - Ils - sounds like eels /?/
are - sont - sounds like sown /?/
excited - excité - Sounds like ex-ee-tay /?/


All together Ils sont excité sounds like eel-sown-ex-ee-tay.

Resistance

Remember we said before that the three basic parts for most of the electricity that we see every day are:
Voltage, current, and resistance.

We can learn about electricity by comparing it to how water flows through a pipe.
We learned that voltage is like the speed that the water is going.
and that current is like the size of the pipe.

You can think of the Resistance as anything in the pipe that would slow down the water.

So if the pipe got smaller in the middle, that would make it so not as much water could flow through.

(from: wikipedia - hydraulic analogy)

Alligators and Crocodiles

We just learned a little about Zebras.

What's the difference between an alligator and a crocodile?

(from: wikipedia - crocodilia)

Can you see any difference?

One of the easiest differences to see is that the alligator on the left has a larger rounded mouth and nose
and the crocodile on the right has a smaller pointed mouth and nose.

Human skull

The whole human skull is called the cranium.

(from: wikipedia - human skull)

The part of the human skull that protects and holds your brain is called the neurocranium.
It is sometimes also called the braincase or brainpan.


(from: wikipedia - neurocranium)

Central American Countries

Below the three biggest countries, Canada, USA and Mexico,
you'll find 7 more countries that make up what is sometimes called Central America.


(from: wikipedia - central america)

The countries are:
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Gautemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

These 7 countries together make up 41 million people, (just 10 million more than Canada)
and all lumped together are smaller than Mexico.

They all have very warm weather since they're so close to the equator,
and 5 of them have coastlines on both the Pacific and Atlantic ocean.

The country Panama even has a canal going through it,
which is a water way that lets boats go through.

(from: wikipedia - panama canal)

This is very helpful for travelers so they don't have to go all the way around South America!

Old Testament and New Testament

We just learned about the Apostle's Creed.

Did you know that the the Bible is split up into two parts?

The Old Testament and the New Testament.

The Old Testament is a history of all the things that happened up until the birth of Jesus.

The New Testament starts during the time of Jesus, and tells of his birth, death and his followers.


(from: wikipedia - old testament)

Saturn

Saturn is the 2nd largest planet in our solar system, right behind Jupiter.
It's 9 times bigger around than Earth.

(from: wikipedia - saturn)

We already learned about Saturn's 12 Rings.

Saturn is a gas giant just like Jupiter,
and just like Jupiter it has a really big moon that's bigger than Mercury

The moon Titan is a little less than half the size of Earth.

French - He is angry

We just learned how to say I am happy and you are sad in French.

Now let's learn how to say He is angry. (Or she)

We can break it up into the three words:
He - Il - sounds like eel /?/
She - Elle - sounds like el /?/
is - est - sounds like et /?/
angry - en colère - Sounds like aw-cool-ay-uh /?/


All together Il est en colère sounds like eel-et-aw-cool-ay-uh.

and Elle est en colère sounds like el-et-aw-cool-ay-uh.

Electrical Current

Remember we said before that the three basic parts for most of the electricity that we see every day are:
Voltage, current, and resistance.

We can learn about electricity by comparing it to how water flows through a pipe.
And we learned that voltage is like the speed that the water is going.

The current, sometimes called amps, is like the size of the pipe.
Is it a very wide open pipe like a sewer pipe? Or a very small pipe like a straw?

The bigger the pipe, the more water can go through it, right?
That's the same for electricity, the larger the current, the more electricity is flowing.

(from: wikipedia - hydraulic analogy)

Zebras

We just learned about Prairie Dogs.

Is a zebra white with black stripes, or black with white stripes?

(from: wikipedia - zebra)

Every zebra's stripe patterns are different, but if you look on their bodies
you can see the stripes on their face, neck and shoulders go up and down,
but on their legs and behind they go side to side.

There are lots of different ideas about why zebras have stripes.
Some people say it's to help them hide in grass, or confuse predators
by blending all of their stripes together.
Others have found that it helps confuse flies so they don't get bitten so much!

Whatever the reason is, they're definitely dressed to party.
Even an albino zebra still looks pretty wild!

Foot Phalanges

We just learned about the Metatarsus bones in the foot.

We learned a while back about the three types of phalanges in the hand:
proximal, intermediate and distal.

The toe bones are also named phalanges, and they have the same parts as the finger bones.

(from: wikipedia - phalanges of the foot)

Mexico

The country of Mexico is located in North America, just below the United States of America.


(from: wikipedia - mexico)

The language in Mexico is Spanish.

Mexico City has the most people of any city in North America, with over 21 million,
and is in the top 10 most populated cities in the world.

A long time ago in Mexico there were other people called the
Aztecs and the Mayans who built some huge pyramids.
In a city called Chichen Itza there is a pyramid about 100 feet tall.

Apostle's Creed - Part 12

Apostle's Creed - all done!

We just learned about Part 11.

Let's learn the rest!

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.
He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead.
He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.
From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy Christian Church, the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,

Here's part 12:

and the life everlasting, Amen.


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

This means we believe in heaven.

Jupiter

We just learned about the planet of Mars.

The largest planet in our solar system is Jupiter

(from: wikipedia - jupiter)

Jupiter is called a gas giant because it is mostly made up of gases like air instead of solids or liquids.

It is so big, that it is over 11 times bigger around than earth is!

We only have one moon on the Earth, but Jupiter has 67 moons.
One of them called Ganymede is about half as big as Earth, and bigger than the planet Mercury!

Another interesting thing about Jupiter is something called the Great Red Spot.
It is a giant storm that can be seen on Jupiter's surface.

(from: wikipedia - great red spot)

The spot is over 100 years old, and is so big you could fit more than two whole Earths inside it!

French - You are sad

We just learned how to say I am happy in French.

Now let's learn how to say You are sad.

We can break it up into the three words:
You - Vous - sounds like vooz /?/
Remember that we learned Vous is pronounced like voo, in très bien merci et vous?
But when there is a vowel sound after vous then you say a Z sound at the end.

are - êtes - sounds like et /?/
sad - triste - Sounds like tuh-east-uh /?/

Since the êtes ends with a t sound, and the triste starts with a t sound,
they mix together.

So all together Vous êtes triste sounds like vooz-eh-tuh-east-uh.

Voltage

We just learned about Neutrons, Protons and Electrons.

How does the electricity from the plug in the wall go through the wires,
and to the lamps, TVs and toys we use every day?

You can't see it with your eyes, but scientist have studied and discovered that
there are three basic parts for most of the electricity that we see every day:
Voltage, current, and resistance.

We'll take time to learn about these one at a time,
starting with voltage which is sometimes called potential difference.

It can be confusing to try and imagine the way electricity works when it's zapping through a wire or a plug,
so we try to compare it to a pipe filled with water, since that's something easy to picture in our imagination.

If you have a big pipe filled with water, you can think of the voltage
as the speed of the water going through, or the speed that it is being pushed through the pipe.

(from: wikipedia - hydraulic analogy)

Prairie Dogs

We just learned about the Anteater.

Prairie Dogs are small animals found in North America, that are part of the squirrel family.


(from: wikipedia - prairie dog)

If you see the small hole in the ground for a prairie dog,
you might just think it's a small place for them to hide out in the storm,
but prairie dog holes, or burrows can be up to 33 feet long and 10 feet under ground!

And they're not just a simple hole either, they are tunnels with small little rooms (or chambers).
There can be up six different entrances to the underground tunnels,
and they sometimes have different chambers for raising babies,
sleeping, and hiding out from the cold in the winter.

Metatarsus

We just learned about the Tarsus.

The foot bones that make up the long part of your foot before your toes,
are called your Metatarsus or Metatarsal Bones.

(from: wikipedia - metatarsus)

There are five of them, just like the Metacarpals in your hand,
numbered one through five starting on the side of your big toe and going toward your pinky toe.

United States of America

We just learned about the country of Canada.

The United States of America is located in the North American continent.
It's often referred to as US, USA or America.


(from: wikipedia - united states)

The US makes the most money in the world, and in 2012 made over $15 trillion dollars!

There are 50 different states in the US, which is why the flag has 50 stars.


Over 300 million people live in the US, and it is one of the most diverse nations in the world.
That means that there are all types of different people from different places, like England, Russia, China, India, Japan, Mexico and many other countries!

Apostle's Creed - Part 11

Apostle's Creed - just two more lines!

We've learned up to Part 10 so far.

I believe in God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried.
He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead.
He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.
From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy Christian Church, the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,

Here's part 11:

the resurrection of the body,


(from: wikipedia - apostle's creed)

This means you believe that some day after we die, Jesus will come again and bring us into eternal life.

Mars

The first planet on the other side of Earth further from the sun is Mars.

Mars is sometimes called the red planet, and you can see why!

(from: wikipedia - mars)

Mars is the second smallest planet in our solar system,
the temperatures are as cold as −225°F and hot as 95°F.
but it's possible that astronauts could survive in space suits on the planet's surface.

Scientists have been very curious about Mars, since it's so close.

There are two robotic machines on Mars right now:

NASA's Opportunity rover, which landed on January 25, 2004

(from: wikipedia - opportunity rover)

NASA's Curiosity rover, which landed on August 6, 2012

(from: wikipedia - curiosity rover)

French - I am happy

Let's learn how to say I am happy in French!

We can break it up into the three words:
I - Je - sounds like zhu /?/
am - suis - sounds like soo-ee /?/
happy - heureux - Sounds like oo-uh-oo /?/

Together Je suis heureux sounds like zhu soo-ee oo-uh-oo.

Neutrons Protons & Electrons

We learned before about how small atoms are,
but there are even things smaller that that!

An atom is really made up of two parts.
The nucleus in the middle, and the electrons that spin around the nucleus.

(from: wikipedia - atom)


The nucleus can be made up of two types of things, protons and neutrons.

Remember we've talked about positive and negative?

The electrons have negative charges, the protons have positive charges,
and the neutrons have no charge at all.

Anteater

We just learned about Shark Teeth.

How would you like to eat ants for dinner every day?

Ants and termites are the favorite meal of the anteater!

(from: wikipedia - anteater)

Anteaters use their large claws to dig through dirt or tree bark looking for ants,
and when they find them they use their big long tongue to lick up the ants.

They have to lick fast before the ants get away, and they can lick 150 times a minute.
Once the ants get in their mouth, they go right down to their belly because the anteaters don't have any teeth!

Tarsus

The tarsus is the name used for the bones in your ankle
that connect from your tibia and fibula to your main foot bones.

(from: wikipedia - tarsus (skeleton)

The seven bones are:
A - Calcaneus
B - Talus
C - Cuboid
D - Navicular
E, F, G - Cuneiform bones

The calcaneus bone is the large bone that makes up the heel of your foot.