Cephalopod - Arms and Tentacles

We just learned about the Cuttlebone.

Another two parts of Cephalopod's body are the Arms and Tentacles.

It used to be that all of the legs of squids and octopuses were called tentacles, but a while back things changed and now they are seen as two different things: arms and tentacles.

The octopus only has 8 arms, because they are shorter and have suckers all along them.
Squids have 6 arms and 2 tentacles, and the tentacles are the ones with no suckers all along, but teeth or hooks on the end.




(from: wikipedia - cephalopod limb)


If Your Hands Could Smell, You’d Be an Octopus - Deep Look

Kid Facts - Blast from the past: African Dwarf Frog

Tooth - Cap stage

We just learned about the Tooth - Buds.

Another part of teeth growing is the Tooth - Cap stage.

The little buds that we already learned about keep growing and getting bigger, and they start to take a shape like a cap.
Later on these buds will turn into the hard enamel that makes up the outside of the tooth.


(from: wikipedia - human tooth development)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Superior Costotransverse Ligament

Moritzburg Castle

We just learned about the Catherine Palace.

Another famous castle is Moritzburg Castle built around 1542 in Saxony Germany.

It has four round towers and is built on an island.

This castle is in the middle of a forest area, so there are a lot of hunting trophies like a room full of deer antlers.




(from: wikipedia - moritzburg castle)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Chihuahua

Christianity after Jesus

We've learned about the list of Seventy Disciples.

Let's learn a little bit about Christianity after Jesus.

Jesus died on the cross, but then what?

The apostles went around and told people about Jesus, and then for thousands of years people talked to each other about Jesus!
Let's keep learning about what happened after Jesus and the Bible.


(from: wikipedia - apostolic age)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Mar Saba

Byodoin Amitaabha - Jōchō

We just learned about the Tōdai-ji Nio Guardian Agyō by famous Japanese artist Unkei.

Another famous Japanese sculpture is the Byodoin Amitaabha by Jōchō, made around 1052 AD in Uji Japan.
This was a statue of Buddha made for one of the rulers in Japan.
It is oldest known statue made by Jōchō.

Jōchō became very famous and earned titles like Hokkyō (Master of the Dharma Bridge), and Hōgen (Master of the Dharma Eye).
Some people said he was the first of a new kind of master sculptor.
Others said that he was one of the most innovative artists Japan has ever produced.
He also was very good at a type of artwork called yosegi, which used a lot of pieces of wood to make a single sculpture.

We learned before about the famous artist Unkei, and he is actually the descendant of Jōchō, many years later.

(from: wikipedia - Jōchō)


(from: wikipedia - yosegi)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Axel Oxenstierna and History - Sergel

Norwegian - Very good thanks, and you?

We just learned to say How are you? in Norwegian, Hvordan har du det?

and Very good thanks is Veldig bra takk.

To be polite you should also ask how the other person is doing.

And you? - Og du? - sounds like oh-g doo


(from: wikipedia - norwegian language)

Greek: Πολύ καλά, ευχαριστώ. εσύ?

ASL: Very Good Thanks, and You?

Italian: Molto bene, grazie.

German: Sehr gut, danke. Und Sie?

Spanish: Muy bien gracias. ¿Y tú?

French: Très bien, merci. Et vous?

Mysorean Rockets

We just learned about the Great Art of Artillery - First Part.

Another type of ancient rockets are Mysorean Rockets.

These were another type of rockets used as weapons by the people in India around 1780 AD when they were fighting against the people of Britain.

When the people of Britain saw these rockets, they went back home and brought the news about rocket science to Europe.


(from: wikipedia - mysorean rockets)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Doublet Earthquake

Cuttlebone

We just learned about the Chromatophore.

Another part of some cephalopods is the Cuttlebone.

Just like you might think from the name, this is part of the cuttlefish.

It is a bone inside the cuttlefish that has a pocket for air.
The cuttlefish uses this to control when it floats or sinks.
It uses it's muscles to suck water out of the cuttlebone, which draws more air into it from its body, and it will float up.
Or it will push more water into the cuttlebone and it will sink.



(from: wikipedia - cuttlebone)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Stony Creek Frog

Tooth - Buds

We just learned about the Tooth - Initiation.

Another part of tooth development is the Tooth Buds.

The part where the teeth poke through the skin is called the dental lamina.
We already learned about the dental lamina skin getting soft in the Tooth Initiation.

After that the part of the jaw underneath the dental lamina starts to make cells that will one day turn into a tooth.
The skin starts to form a little bump for each of the 10 teeth that will be made.

These little buds are the Tooth Buds.
You can almost think of these like little seeds that will grow and some day pop out of the gums into teeth.


(from: wikipedia - human tooth development)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Radiate Ligament of Head of Rib

Catherine Palace

We just learned about the Predjama Castle.

Another famous castle is the Catherine Palace built in 1717 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia.

This was a palace where the Tsars of Russia lived in the summer time.

The palace is so fancy, with 100 kilograms of gold used on the outside of the building.
There is a room called the Amber Room with gold leaf and amber decorations all over it.
Another room is called the Great Hall, which is over 1,000 square meters, and there are 15 chandeliers with almost 700 lights on them on the ceiling.





(from: wikipedia - catherine palace)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Oaxaca

Cæsar - bishop of Dyrrachium

We just learned about the Epaphroditus - Bishop of Andriace, one of the seventy disciples.

Most of the rest of the seventy we only know a little about.

Cæsar - bishop of Dyrrachium, also a friend of Epaphroditus.
Mark - Cousin to Barnabas, bishop of Apollonia.
Justus - Bishop of Eleutheropolis, one of the two to be chosen from for the next apostle.
Artemas - bishop of Lystra. His name is listed in the Bible's book of Titus as a friend of Paul's.
Clement - bishop of Sardinia.
Onesihorus - bishop of Corone. Paul wrote about Onesiphorus visiting him while he was in prison in Rome.
Tychicus - bishop of Chalcedon.
Carpus - bishop of Berytus in Thrace. Paul talks about Carpus in the book of 2 Timothy.
Evodus - bishop of Antioch.
Aristarchus - bishop of Apamea. He was with Paul a few times in the Bible, traveling around with him through Rome, Ephesus, Greece and Asia.
Mark, who is also John - bishop of Bibloupolis.
Zenas - bishop of Diospolis.
Philemon - bishop of Gaza.
Aristarchus -
Pudes -
Trophimus - who was martyred along with Paul.


(from: wikipedia - onesiphorus)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Mar Agwin

Tōdai-ji Nio Guardian Agyō - Unkei

We just learned about the Asura at Kōfuku-ji temple.

Another ancient Japanese sculpture is the Tōdai-ji Nio Guardian Agyō made by Unkei in 1203.

Unkei was one of the most famous sculptors of his time, and part of a style called the Kei school.
This was a style with famous artists who worked very hard to make their sculptures look as real as possible.

The Agyō sculpture is one of the Nio guardians we learned about, at the Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Japan.
It is made out of wood, and many people think it was one of the best wooden sculptures in Japan from that time.


(from: wikipedia - tōdai-ji)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: George Washington - Houdon

Norwegian - How are you?

We just learned some greetings in Norwegian, like Hei, Ha det and God morgen, God dag, God ettermiddag, God kveld, God natt.

If you want to say How are you? in Norwegian, you would say:

Hvordan har du det? - sounds like h-voh-r-dah-n hah-r-doo-deh-t

To respond and say Very good thanks, you would say:

Veldig bra takk. - sounds like veh-l-dih-g brah tah-k


(from: wikipedia - norwegian language)

Greek: Γειά σου (Geiá sou), Χαίρετε (Chairete), Αντίο (Antío), Καλημέρα (Kaliméra), Καλησπέρα (Kalispéra), Καληνυχτα - (Kalinychta)

ASL: How are you?

Italian: Come va? Molto bene, grazie.

German: Wie geht es Ihnen? Sehr gut, danke.

Spanish: ¿Cómo estás? Muy bien, gracias.

French: Comment allez-vous? Très bien, merci.

Great Art of Artillery, the First Part

We just learned about the rocket launch of Lagari Hasan Çelebi in the 1630s.

Another part of rocket hisory is the book Great Art of Artillery, the First Part (Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima) written in 1650 by a Polish-Lithuanian general named Casimir Siemienowicz who knew a lot about rockets.

His book talked about rockets used both for war and for fun, and talked about multi stage rocketse, wings for steering rockets, and batteries for rockets.

The book is called "The First Part" but no one has ever found a second part.
Some people believe that there were other scientists from that time who didn't want people knowing all of their secrets about things like rockets so they had him killed!


(from: wikipedia - casimir siemienowicz)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Blind Thrust

Chromatophore

We just learned about the Cephalopod Ink.

Another part of many cephalopods is the Chromatophore.

Cephalopods have little sacks in their skin called cytoelastic sacculus, that are filled with something called pigment granules.

That's a lot of big words, but it basically means they have tiny bags of color all over their skin, and they use muscles to squish out more color or less color to change the way they look.


(from: wikipedia - Chromatophore)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Rhacophorus

Tooth - Initiation

We just learned about the Dentinogenesis.

When teeth are first being developed in the gums by a baby before it is born, that is called the Initiation Stage.

Babies are usually born without any teeth showing, but their mouths have already started getting ready for teeth to be made in their jaw.

The first sign of teeth getting ready is when the skin in the mouth starts to change.
Very soon a tooth will be made underneath the skin, and the gums need to be ready to heal up quickly when a tooth pokes through the skin for the first time.


(from: wikipedia - dental lamina)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Predjama Castle

We just learned about Bellver Castle.

Another famous castle is Predjama Castle, built around 1200 AD in Slovenia.

This castle was built right into the mouth of a cave, so that it could be very strong against attacks.

Most of the castle is in front of the cave, but some of back walls of the castle are built right into the rock, and they are connected to the entrance to go back into the cave.

The people who created the castle even made secret cave exits that they could use to try and sneak food in and out when the castle was under attack.

Down underneath the castle are four more levels built into the caves!
It is one of the longest caves in Slovenia.






(from: wikipedia - predjama castle)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Michoacan

Epaphroditus - Bishop of Andriace

We just learned about Tychicus - Bishop of Colophonia, one of the seventy disciples.

Another of the seventy is Epaphroditus - Bishop of Andriace.

Epaphroditus was from Philippi, and came to help Paul when he was in jail in Rome.
He was such a hard worker that he worked until he was sick and almost died.

He got better, and later went on to be known as one of the leaders of the church in the town of Philippi.


(from: wikipedia - epaphroditus)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Theodore the Studie

Asura at Kōfuku-ji temple

We just learned about the Kongōrikishi.

Another famous ancient Japanese sculpture is the sculpture of Asura at Kōfuku-ji temple, made around 700 AD in Nara Japan.

Buddhists believe that the Asura is a powerful creature that helps protect the temples.

This sculpture was made using a type of art called kanshitsu, which means dry lacquer.
For this type of art, sculptors first make a model out of clay.
Then they take some cloth that they soak in a special type of oil and sawdust.
After that they wrap the statue in these cloths until it dries.
Last they break the clay out from underneath so it is a hollow statue.


(from: wikipedia - Kōfuku-ji)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Nicolaus Copernicus Monument - Thorwaldsen

Norwegian - Good Morning

We just learned a few ways to say hello and goodbye in Norwegian, like Hei, Ha det.

Sometimes you might want to say good morning, good afternoon, or good night.

Good Morning - God morgen - sounds like goo-d more-ghen

Good Day - God dag - sounds like Goo-d dah-g

Good Afternoon - God ettermiddag - sounds like goo-d eh-teh-r-me-dah-g

Good Evening - God kveld - sounds like goo-d k-veh-l-d

Good Night - God natt - sounds like goo-d nah-t


(from: wikipedia - norwegian language)

Greek: Καλημέρα (Kaliméra), Καλησπέρα (Kalispéra), Καληνυχτα (Kalinychta)

ASL: Good Morning, Good Day, Good Evening, Good Night

Italian: buongiorno, buon pomeriggio, buonasera, buona notte

German: Guten Morgen, Guten Tag, Guten Abend, Gute Nacht

Spanish: Buenos días, buenos tardes, buenas noches

French: bonjour, bonsoir, bonne nuit

Lagari Hasan Çelebi

We just learned about the Bellifortis Rockets.

Another ancient rocket launch from history was the first manned rocket flight, by Lagari Hasan Çelebi in 1633 AD in Instabul, Turkey.

Lagari was famous for flying, and the legend of his flying says that he made a 7 winged rocket with gunpowder, and launched it in the air to celebrate the birth of the sultan's daughter.

Before he launched he said "O my sultan! Be blessed, I am going to talk to Jesus!"

After he landed in the water he swam back to shore and jokingly said "O my sultan! Jesus sends his regards to you!"

Some people think maybe this rocket wasn't real, but since it was so long ago no one can really tell for sure.


(from: wikipedia - lagâri hasan celebi)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Thrust Fault

Cephalopod Ink

We just learned about the Cephalopod Funnel.

Another part of a cephalopod is the Ink Sac.

This is inside the mantle where the gills are, and when an octopus or squid gets scared it will let out some black ink to hide, and to try and scare off anyone coming to attack it.

The ink just comes out of the ink sac, and they use the funnel that they squirt water out of to shoot the ink all over the place.

The ink is so dark that sometimes people use it to color types of food very dark.


(from: wikipedia - arròs negre)


octopus shooting ink! - Bilal El Hasnaoui


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Wallace's Flying Frog

Dentinogenesis

We just learned about the Odontoblast.

Another part of a tooth growing is Dentinogenesis.

This what it is called when the Odontoblasts that we learned about create the dentin inside the teeth.


(from: wikipedia - human tooth development)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Intervertebral Discs

Bellver Castle

We just learned about the Palace of Versailles.

Another famous castle is Bellver Castle, bult in 1311 on the Island of Majorca in Spain.

This was built long ago for King James II of Majorca, and it is a special castle because it is shaped like a circle!
The outside of the castle is a circle, the inside is a circle, and all of the towers are circles.
It is the only circular castle in Spain!

For a long time it was the home of the Kings of the land, but later was turned into a prison.
Now it is a museum and a place for tourists to come look at.





(from: wikipedia - bellver castle)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Nuevo León

Tychicus - bishop of Colophonia

We just learned about Apollos - Bishop of Cæsarea, one of the seventy disciples.

The next two disciples listed were also with Cæsarea as being friends of Paul, and leaders of the churches.

Cephas - bishop of Iconium
Sosthenes - bishop of Colophonia

Another of the seventy was Tychicus - bishop of Colophonia.

He is mentioned a few different times in the Bible by Paul, where he was being sent to different churches to help teach the people there about Jesus.
Paul talks about Tychicus in the books of Acts, Ephesians, Colossians, Titus and Timothy, so he was a hard worker that Paul could send around to help people all over.



(from: wikipedia - tychicus)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Ladder of Divine Ascent

Kongōrikishi

We just learned about the Tamamushi Shrine.

Another type of Japanese sculptures is the Kongōrikishi (金剛力士), also called Niō (仁王).

These are two big mean looking sculptures with big muscles and weapons that were made as guardians for Buddhist temples.

One guard is making the "ah" sound and the other is making an "uhm" sound.
The ah is supposed to be like the first sound you make when you are born, and the uhm is the last sound you make before you die.
So the statues represent all life from birth to death.



(from: wikipedia - nio)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Arc de Triomphe - Cortot