Axle

We just learned about the big long spinning pole called the Shaft.

Another part of machines is an Axle.

An axle is a long spinning pole like a shaft, but it is connected to wheels on either side.
It is also usually used to help hold up something like a car or a train.

Sometimes the axle doesn't spin but the wheels do, kind of like on a bike.
When a bicycle's wheel spins, the metal post inside the wheel does not spin.
This is usually called a spindle instead of an axle.

Cars and trucks are sometimes talked about by how many axles they have.
This really means how many sets of wheels across from each other are there.
So a normal car would be 2 axles, but a big semi truck might have 5 or more axles on it to help spread out the weight carried by each axle.

Sometimes they have more than one set of wheels on an axle to help hold the weight, but that still only counts as one axle.


(from: wikipedia - axle)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

Freshwater Jellyfish

We just learned about the Creeping Comb Jelly.

Another type of jellyfish is the Freshwater Jellyfish, also called the Craspedcusta Sowerbii.

Just like the name says, this jellyfish lives in freshwater, not in saltwater like the oceans.

It comes from China, but it has been found pretty much everywhere in the world, from North America to Australia.

It grows to about one inch wide, and has tiny little tentacles that have stingers to catch its prey, but the stingers aren't strong enough for a human to even feel the sting.


(from: wikipedia - craspedcusta sowerbii)


Freshwater Jellyfish - The Jellyfish Warehouse

Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Southern Sand Octopus

Iris

We just learned about the Pupil black circle in the eye.

Another part of the eye is the Iris.

The iris is the part of the eye with color.
Most eyes are either brown or blue, but they can be other colors like green, hazel, grey or red.

Remember that the pupil is just a hole that lets light in to the eye to see.
The iris has the muscles that make the pupil bigger or smaller.


(from: wikipedia - iris (anatomy))


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Dental Notation - ISO

Drawbridge

We just learned about the Castle Keep.

Another part of a castle is a Drawbridge.

This is a type of bridge that goes across a moat, that can be pulled up to keep people from getting into the castle.

Drawbridges are still used today for bridges that go across rivers or lakes.

There are a few different types of drawbridges, like a bascule bridge that has two ends that lift up in the middle, a vertical lift bridge that has one piece that goes up and down together, or a swing bridge that spins in the middle.






(from: wikipedia - drawbridge)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Citadel of Aleppo

Codex Vaticanus

We just learned that Christology is the study of what Jesus was really like.

Another part of early Christian history is the Codex Vaticanus.

This is the oldest copy of the Bible still existing in the world, written some time around 325 AD, over 1,500 years ago!

It is written in Greek, and has copies of the Old Testament and New Testament in it.

The Codex was found some time around 1400 AD, and has been in the library in Vatican City since then, for over 500 years.

People have used this codex to make sure that the Bibles that people have today teach the history as it was written down over a thousand years ago.


(from: wikipedia - codex vaticanus)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Rufus - Bishop of Thebes

Musawwarat es-Sufra

We just learned about the Lalibela Cross.

Another African sculpture is the Musawwarat es-Sufra temple in Sudan, built some time before the year 300 BC.

This temple has a large sculpture of an elephant, and a room with some very tall columns.
It also has a relief sculpture of some of the ancient gods from the people who lived back then.





(from: wikipedia - musawwarat es-sufra)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Shi Qiang Pan

Norwegian - Counting to Fifty Nine

We counted to 49 in Norwegian, let's keep going!

50 femti - sounds like feh-m-tee
51 femtien - sounds like feh-m-tee ay-uh-n
52 femtito - sounds like feh-m-tee too
53 femtitre - sounds like feh-m-tee t-day
54 femtifire - sounds like feh-m-tee fee-dah
55 femtifem - sounds like feh-m-tee feh-m
56 femtiseks - sounds like feh-m-tee seks
57 femtisyv - sounds like feh-m-tee seev
58 femti - sounds like feh-m-tee fee-dah
59 femti ni - sounds like feh-m-tee nee


(from: wikipedia - norwegian language)

Greek: πενήντα (penínta), πενήντα ένα (penínta éna), πενήντα δύο (penínta dýo), πενήντα τρεις (penínta treis), πενήντα τέσσερις (penínta tésseris), πενήντα πέντε (penínta pénte), πενήντα έξι (penínta éxi), πενήντα επτά (penínta eptá), πενήντα οκτώ (penínta októ), πενήντα εννέα (penínta ennéa)

ASL: Fifty, fifty one, fifty two, fifty three, fifty four, fifty five, fifty six, fifty seven, fifty eight, fifty nine

Italian: cinquanta, cinquantuno, cinquanta due, cinquanta tre, cinquantaquattro, cinquantacinque, cinquantasei, cinquantasette, cinquantotto, cinquantanove

German: fünfzig, einundfünfzig, zweiundfünfzig, dreiundfünfzig, vierundfünfzig, fünfundfünfzig, sechsundfünfzig, siebenundfünfzig, achtundfünfzig, neunundfünfzig

Spanish: cincuenta, cincuenta y uno, cincuenta y dos, cincuenta y tres, cincuenta y cuatro, cincuenta y cinco, cincuenta y seis, cincuenta y siete, cincuenta y ocho, cincuenta y nueve

French: cinquante, cinquante et un, cinquante-deux, cinquante-trois, cinquante-quatre, cinquante-cinq, cinquante-six, cinquante-sept, cinquante-huit, cinquante-deux

Shaft

We just learned about the Pulley.

Another part of a machine is a Shaft.

A shaft is a long pipe, rod or pole that is on the inside of some kind of bigger spinning wheel.
This can be part of a gear, sprocket or pulley.

When the gear spins around, it turns the pipe.

In some machines, the pipe is used to move something else farther away from the gear.
Like in a windmill, the big wheel outside that is moving has a long shaft attached to it.
The shaft goes into the building where it is hooked up to other gears to turn them and do something useful like grid up corn into flour.

When the windmill turns, the shaft spins, and the gears inside spin and do the work.

A car also has a shaft. When the car burns up gas it makes a shaft spin which then connects to other shafts that turn the wheels.



(from: wikipedia - shaft (mechanical engineering))


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Airspeed Indicator

Creeping Comb Jelly

We just learned about the Blue Jellyfish.

Another type of jellyfish is the Creeping Comb Jelly, or Coeloplana Astericola.

This type of jelly is actually lives on top of a starfish!

They are small and yellow, and they almost look like little worms with strings hanging off of them.


(from: wikipedia - coeloplana astericola)


373 Seraya Tulamben 23.10.2016 - Jacinto Castillo

Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Joubin's Squid

Pupil

Let's learn more about the Human Eyes.

One important part of the eye that we see every day is the Pupil.

The pupil is the big black circle in the middle of the eye.
Even though it looks like it is painted black, the pupil is actually just a hole!
There are parts covering the pupil, and parts of the eye behind it.

This hole in your eyeball gets bigger and smaller to let in more or less light depending on how bright it is.

If you go to the eye doctor, they will put liquid drops in your eyes to make your pupils really big, and then they look right through the pupil into the other parts of the eye.


(from: wikipedia - pupil)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Dental Notation - Universal Numbering

Castle Keep

We just learned about the Bastion that sticks out from the curtain wall.

Another castle fortification is a Keep.

This is a tall tower that is part of a castle where someone would hide out if the rest of the castle was being attacked.

Sometimes a keep was surrounded by another big curtain wall, and the kings or owners of the castle would stay in the keep to be protected in case someone broke through the other fortifications.


(from: wikipedia - keep)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Prague Castle

Christology

We just learned about the Seven ecumenical councils where people met a bunch of times to try and solve disagreements about what to believe.

Another part of early Christianity is Christology.

This is the study and understanding of who Jesus Christ was, in every detail.
From before he was born, when he was born, everything he did on earth, how he died and what happened afterward.

Between the years 300 and 400 AD, a lot of people talked about every single thing that Jesus did and had meetings with each other to try and decide on what was the truth.

It all happened during this time, because for the first time ever people could be Christians without going to jail, and there were churches, leaders and really smart people everywhere learning everything they could about Jesus.

Christology really continues even today as people read and study about Christianity and work to understand what the truth is!


(from: wikipedia - christology)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Agabus the Prophet

Lalibela Cross

We just learned about the Church of Saint George in Lalibela that is built down into the ground.

Another ancient work of African art is the Lalibela Cross, made in Ethiopia some time before 1200 AD.

This is about two feet long, and weighs about 15 pounds.
It is made gold and bronze.

The priests of the churches in Lalibela would bring out this cross, and touch it to people to bless them.


(from: wikipedia - lalibela cross)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Qin Bronze Chariot

Norwegian - Counting to Forty Nine

We counted to 39 in Norwegian, let's keep going!

40 førti - sounds like feh-r-tee
41 førtien - sounds like feh-r-tee eh-n
42 førtito - sounds like feh-r-tee too
43 førtitre - sounds like feh-r-tee t-day
44 førtifire - sounds like feh-r-tee fee-duh
45 førtifem - sounds like feh-r-tee feh-m
46 førtiseks - sounds like feh-r-tee seks
47 førtisyv - sounds like feh-r-tee see-v
48 førtiåtte - sounds like feh-r-tee oh-tuh
49 førtini - sounds like feh-r-tee nee


(from: wikipedia - norwegian language)

Greek: τσαράντα (saránta), τσαράντα ένα (saránta éna), τσαράντα δύο (saránta dýo), τσαράντα τρεις (saránta treis), τσαράντα τέσσερις (saránta tésseris), τσαράντα πέντε (saránta pénte), τσαράντα έξι (saránta éxi), τσαράντα επτά (saránta eptá), τσαράντα οκτώ (saránta októ), τσαράντα εννέα (saránta ennéa)

ASL: forty, forty one, forty two, forty three, forty four, forty five, forty six, forty seven, forty eight, forty nine

Italian: quaranta, quarantuno, quarantadue, quarantatre, quarantaquattro, quarantacinque, quarantasei, quarantasette, quarantotto, quarantanove

German: vierzig, einundvierzig, zweiundvierzig, dreiundvierzig, vierundvierzig, fünfundvierzig, sechsundvierzig, siebenundvierzig, achtundvierzig, neunundvierzig

Spanish: quarenta, quarenta y uno, quarenta y dos, quarenta y tres, quarenta y cuatro, quarenta y cinco, quarenta y seis, quarenta y siete, quarenta y ocho, quarenta y nueve

French: quarante, quarante et un, quarante-deux, quarante-trois, quarante-quatre, quarante-cinq, quarante-six, quarante-sept, quarante-huit, quarante-neuf

Pulley

We just learned about the Sprocket that has teeth like a gear, but is made for a chain.

Another type of wheel that is used in machines is a Pulley.

Just like a gear or sprocket it is a wheel that spins for a machine, but the outside of a pulley does not have any teeth.
It has a cable, rope or belt around it that spins around the wheel.

Sometimes a pulley wheel is flat, and sometimes it has a groove for the rope to try and hold the rope or cable in the right place.


(from: wikipedia - pulley)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Spacecraft Magnetometer

Blue Jellyfish

We just learned about the Velella the sea sail hydrozoan.

Another type of jellyfish is the Blue Jellyfish, also called the bluefire jellyfish, Cyanea lamarckii or cyanea nozakii.

This is a small blue or yellow jellyfish grows to about 1 inch wide.
They mostly live around the areas of Europe by Sctoland and England.

They do have stinging tentacles that hurt a little if a person gets stung, but they will not kill anyone.


(from: wikipedia - blue jellyfish)


Blue jellyfish and Saithe from Norwegian coast - DanOlsen

Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Stumpy Spined Cuttlefish

Eyes

We've now learned a whole lot about the mouth, from teeth to tastebuds to Tonsils!

Let's start learning about the human Eyes.

The eyes give people the ability to take in light and turn it into shapes and figures that our brain can understand, and help us see.

Human eyes can see about 10 million colors, they can work together as two eyes to tell how close or far away something is, and can see things from specs of dirt on the ground to stars in the sky millions of miles away.


(from: wikipedia - human eye)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Hypodontia

Bastion

We just learned about the Butter Churn Tower.

Another part of a castle is a Bastion, also sometimes called a bulwark.

This is a part of the curtain wall that goes around a castle, and it sticks out beyond the wall.

The bastion was made for cannons and other weapons to be further out from the curtain wall, to fight off the people coming to attack the castle.


(from: wikipedia - bastion)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Kronborg Castle

Seven Ecumenical Councils

We just learned about Christianity in Armenia, with the country of Armenia being the first to become Christian.

Another part of early Christianity was the Seven Ecumenical Councils.

We learned before about the First Council of Nicea where people met to decide about the right ways to believe in God and Jesus, and what was true from history.

For a long time, people kept having arguments about what was true and what wasn't.
Any time there was a big argument, they would meet together at what they called an "Ecumenical Council" which just means a church meeting.

For over 400 years people met together to try and solve arguments, and these big meetings were called the Seven Ecumenical Councils:

- The First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, talked about what Jesus was really like.

- The First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD talked about the Holy Spirit.

- The Council of Ephesus in 431 AD talked about sin and about Jesus' mother Mary.

- The Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD talked about different leaders of the church, and about Jesus.

- Second Council of Constantinople in 553 AD talked about what Jesus was like.

- Third Council of Constantinople in 680 AD talked about what Jesus body and mind was like.

- Second Council of Nicaea in 787 AD talked about whether people should make paintings or pictures of saints and Jesus.

That's a whole lot of meetings with a lot of church leaders!

People worked hard for hundreds of years to try and make sure they were teaching people the truth about God, based on all of the writings in the Bible and other historians from thousands of years.

Even today all the leaders of the churches meet together to try and make sure they are spreading the word of God the way that they believe is right.


(from: wikipedia - first seven ecumenical councils)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Aristobulus - Bishop of Britain

Church of Saint George, Lalibela

We just learned about the Obelisk of Axum in Ethiopia.

Another ancient African sculpture is the Church of Saint George, Lalibela.

This church was made around 1200 AD in the town of Lalibela, Ethiopia.
It was carved down into the ground out of the rock 100 feet deep.

The church was built when the King of Ethiopia had a vision of Saint George and God that told him to make the church.




(from: wikipedia - church of saint george, lalibela)


Kid Facts - Blast from the past: Gouji Zibai Pan